Biological Control Studies on Yellow Nutsedge with Bactra verutana Zeller

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Keeley ◽  
R. J. Thullen ◽  
J. H. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Insect Infestation ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge

Studies were conducted on and in the vicinity of the U. S. Cotton Research Station at Shafter, California, to evaluate the prevalence of the insect Bactra verutana Zeller (Olethreutidae) and its potential for injury to yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.). Field surveys during August 1966, and August and October 1967 revealed many infested yellow nutsedge plants. Other field studies indicated that the insect may significantly suppress the growth of yellow nutsedge, providing that the insect infestation is early, sufficiently severe, and present on both parent and subsequently emerging vegetative plants. Greenhouse studies further revealed that severely infested plants may survive to produce numerous vegetative plants and tubers. While Bactra verutana Zeller damaged yellow nutsedge plants late in the season, the absence of early infestation limited its usefulness as a biological control agent.

AnAlternariasp. on Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula)

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Krupinsky ◽  
Russell J. Lorenz
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
Representative Strain

In 1979 and 1980, isolates ofAlternariawere obtained from diseased leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaL.) plants. The pathogenicity of anAlternariasp. towards leafy spurge was demonstrated in glasshouse and limited field studies, and theAlternariais considered to be a potential biological - control agent for leafy spurge. The pathogenicity and cultural characteristics of the fungus suggest its classification asA. tenuissimaf. sp.euphorbiae,with isolate Krupinsky 80-3547ss4 (= E. G. Simmons 35-079) as a representative strain.

scholarly journals Eiphosoma laphygmae, a classical solution for the biocontrol of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tabea Allen ◽  
Marc Kenis ◽  
Lindsey Norgrove
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
North East ◽  
Parasitism Rates

AbstractThe fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, an American Lepidoptera, is invasive in Africa and Asia and currently one of the most damaging cereal pests in the tropics. The ichneumonid parasitoid, Eiphosoma laphygmae, is a potential classical biological control agent. We assessed existing knowledge on biology, identified natural distributions, collated reported parasitism rates from field studies and determined which other parasitoids co-occurred. We discussed the suitability of E. laphygmae for classical biological control as well as identified limitations and knowledge gaps. We conducted a systematic literature review and had 185 hits, retaining 52 papers. Reports on the natural distribution of E. laphygmae were restricted to the American tropics, ranging from North-East Mexico to Sao Paulo State, Brazil. There were only two single and unconfirmed records of it on other hosts, suggesting that the parasitoid may be specific to S. frugiperda, but this needs confirmation. In fields where E. laphygmae occurred naturally, it was the second most important contributor to fall armyworm mortality, after the braconid Chelonus insularis. On average, E. laphygmae parasitized 4.5% of fall armyworm in field studies. The highest parasitism rates were from Costa Rica (13%) and Minas Gerais, Brazil (14.5%). However, these parasitism rates are probably largely underestimated because of likely biases in sampling and parasitism rate calculations. Eiphosoma laphygmae appeared to establish better in more diverse, weedy systems. As African farming systems often have high diversity, this may favour the establishment and parasitism of E. laphygmae if eventually introduced as a classical biological control agent.

scholarly journals A maximalist approach to the systematics of a biological control agent: Gryon aetherium Talamas, sp. nov. (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
pp. 323-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elijah J. Talamas ◽  
Jonathan S. Bremer ◽  
Matthew R. Moore ◽  
Marie-Claude Bon ◽  
Zachary Lahey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Control Agent

A morphological and molecular analysis of Gryon Haliday (Platygastroidea, Scelionidae) was conducted to provide a taxonomic and phylogenetic context for a species under evaluation as a biological control agent of Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Our analysis revealed that Gryon is polyphyletic and that the biological control agent is not G. gonikopalense, a name that was tentatively applied to this species in 2019. We here describe this species as new, Gryon aetherium Talamas sp. nov., and resurrect the generic name Hadronotus Förster. Morphological characters that delimit our concepts of Gryon and Hadronotus are presented. Based on morphological characters and multilocus phylogenies, we determined that five presently valid scelionid genera belong within Gryon. In total, 15 species are transferred into Gryon from these genera, 215 species are transferred from Gryon to Hadronotus, and 6 species are transferred from Gryon to Dyscritobaeus Perkins. Specimens collected during field studies in California and reevaluation of specimens determined as G. myrmecophilum in Mexico reveal that G. aetherium is adventive in North America.

scholarly journals Comparison of the behaviour of a transformed hygromycin resistant strain of Trichoderma atroviride (M1057hygR) with the wildtype strain (M1057)

2004 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 72-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.L. McLean ◽  
S.L. Dodd ◽  
B.E. Sleight ◽  
R.A. Hill ◽  
A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Trichoderma Atroviride ◽  
Wildtype Strain ◽  
Sclerotium Cepivorum ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rhizosphere Competence

The biocontrol isolate Trichoderma atroviride M1057 and a transformed hygromycin resistant biotype (M1057hygR) were compared using biological control rhizosphere competence and antibiosis studies to determine whether the transformed biotype performed in a similar manner to the wildtype strain In an onion growth chamber trial using soil naturally infested with the onion white rot pathogen Sclerotium cepivorum there was no significant difference (P>005) in the level of disease control given by the two T atroviride strains Similarly populations of T atroviride M1057 and M1057hygR were equivalent (P>005) in the rhizosphere of onion seedlings There was no significant difference (P>005) between the mycelial growth rates of S cepivorum when grown on agar amended with culture filtrate of T atroviride M1057 and M1057hygR Thus T atroviride M1057hygR has similar biological attributes to the wildtype isolate and can be used in future field studies looking at the population ecology of the biological control agent

scholarly journals FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE OF HABROBRACON HEBETOR SAY (HYM.: BRACONIDAE) TO MEDITERRANEAN FLOUR MOTH (ANAGASTA KUEHNIELLA ZELLER), IN RESPONSE TO PESTICIDES

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Mahdavi ◽  
Moosa Saber
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Functional Response ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Habrobracon Hebetor ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Anagasta Kuehniella ◽  
Chemical Material

Abstract The functional response is a behavioral phenomena defined as the relation between the parasitized host per each parasitoid and host density. This phenomenon can be useful in assessing parasitoid efficiency for the biological control of the host. Parasitoid wasps are most important insects and they play a significant role in the natural control of pests via their parasitism activities. In this study, the effects of diazinon and malathion were evaluated on the functional response of Habrobracon hebetor Say to different densities of last instar larvae of Anagasta kuehniella Zeller. Young adult females (< 24 h old) of the parasitoid were exposed to LC30 values of pesticides. Host densities of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 were offered, to treated young females for 24 h in 10 cm Petri dishes. At this point, the parasitism data were recorded. The experiments were conducted in eight replications. The functional response was type Ш in the control and insecticide treatments. Searching efficiency in the control, diazinon and malathion-treated wasps were 0.008±0.002, 0.003±0.002, and 0.004±0.002 h-1, handling times were 1.38±0.1, 7.95±0.91, and 6.4±0.81 h, respectively. Diazinon and malathion had the highest and the lowest effect on searching efficiency of H. hebetor, respectively. After conducting advanced field studies, it was found that malathion may be used as a compatible chemical material with biological control agent in IPM programs.

scholarly journals Spillover of a biological control agent (Chrysolina quadrigemina) onto native St. Johnswort (Hypericum punctatum)

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Tingle ◽  
Susan C. Cook-Patton ◽  
Anurag A. Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
Hypericum Perforatum ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Unintended Effects ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Field Surveys

Biological control agents may have unintended effects on native biota, particularly species that are closely related to the target invader. Here, we explored howChrysolina quadrigemina, a beetle introduced to control the invasive weedHypericum perforatum, impacts nativeH. punctatumin Tompkins County, New York, USA. Using a suite of complementary field surveys and experimental manipulations, we examined beetle preference for native and exoticHypericumspecies and whether beetle herbivory influences the spatial distribution ofH. punctatum. We found that the introduced beetle readily consumes nativeH. punctatumin addition to its intended target, and thatH. punctatumat our field sites generally occurs along forest edges despite higher performance of experimental plants in more open habitats. However, we found no evidence that the beetle limitsH. punctatumto forest edge habitats.

Uroplata lantanae Buzzi & Winder (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Hispinae), a Potential biological control agent of Lantana camara in Australia

1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Winder ◽  
K. L. S. Harley ◽  
R. C. Kassulke
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Lower Branch ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Free Zone ◽  
Understorey Plants

AbstractField studies were carried out between 1974 and 1978 on the hispine Uroplata lantanae Buzzi & Winder which feeds on Lantana tiliaefolia plants under shade in temperate climate areas of Paraná State, southern Brazil. The life-cycle from egg to adult took 48–54 days between October and January with only one generation a year. Adults fed by rasping leaves and larvae mined leaves, occasionally destroying up to 24% on individual plants. Adults colonised tall plants preferentially and chose to oviposit on the higher branches, which suffered significantly less leaf abscission. Greater numbers of all stages of the hispine were found on lantana plants around which a plant-free zone was created compared with those growing amongst other understorey plants. Larvae were parasitised by a complex of braconid, eulophid, chalcid and torymid parasitoids, with greater parasitisation occurring at lower branch heights. Multiple-choice host-specificity tests and field observations showed that U. lantanae fed only on L. tiliaefolia and L. camara. The effectiveness of U. lantanae as a biological control agent of lantana in Australia is discussed.

Life history traits of Coccophagus gossypariae (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasitoid of invasive Eriococcus spurius (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) in field studies

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Caitlin Mader ◽  
Jim Watts ◽  
Nadir Erbilgin
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
American Elm ◽  
Candidate Species ◽  
Biased Sex Ratio ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Eriococcus spurius (Modeer) (Hemiptera: Eriociccidae) is a pest of American elm (Ulmus americana Linnaeus; Ulmaceae) trees in western North America, but no effective biological control agent has been reported. This study took place in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, where urban American elms have been heavily and negatively impacted by E. spurius. Although the parasitoid Coccophagus gossypariae Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was recovered from an E. spurius infested American elm in Calgary, little is known about its ecology. Prior to implementing biological control, the basic ecology of a candidate species must be understood. We documented the geographic establishment, sex ratios, and parasitism rate of C. gossyparaie on its host within the study area. Coccophagus gossypariae had established at 89% of study trees sampled and accounted for 98% of the parasitoids caught. They had a female-biased sex ratio of 13.7 females per male, and both males and females developed to maturity using the host. We found evidence of a highly consistent aversion to superparasitism by females in the field. This first investigation established a baseline of information on field populations of C. gossypariae that could lead to biological control of E. spurius.

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