Cities and sanctuaries of the archaic period in Chalkidike

1996 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 319-328
Author(s):  
†Julia Vokotopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Archaic Period ◽  
Local Culture ◽  
Animal Sacrifice ◽  
Early Infant ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
Greek World

This paper summarizes recent excavations in Chalkidike. The ancient city of Mende has yielded evidence of houses and other structures, an archaic cemetery, and Mycenaean to late classical finds. At Polychrono (ancient Neapolis or Aige?) there are archaic and classical structures on terraces, and a cemetery with early infant burials. Three archaic–classical sanctuaries have also been found: (1) at Poseidi, a temple of Poseidon (identified from inscribed votives), robbed and reused in hellenistic and Roman times; (2) at Nea Roda-Sane, a temple to a female deity, with sculptures; and (3) at Parthenonas, a peak sanctuary of Zeus with evidence of animal sacrifice. The implications for Chalkidian relationships with other parts of the Greek world and for the strength of local culture are briefly examined.

Lycurgus (2), legendary Spartan

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Nafissi
Keyword(s):  
Social Institutions ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Civic Identity ◽  
Political Order ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Greek World

Lycurgus was the legendary founder of Sparta’s political order and of many of its social institutions. His legend initially developed as part of the transformation that gave Sparta its distinctive features during the Archaic period. The role that Spartan tradition attributed to Lycurgus ended up subsuming and eventually cancelling any memory of this process, and his role in the establishment of the city’s laws and customs, along with Apollo’s blessing, rendered them more legitimate and binding. As it was Lycurgus’s laws that granted Sparta her distinctive greatness, the lawgiver continued to be an influential source of civic identity throughout antiquity, and in Sparta, his legend continued to be revived through a process known as invention of tradition. Throughout the Greek world, Lycurgus and his legislation were the object of deep historical, political and ethical-philosophical interest, usually admired or idealised, but occasionally viewed more critically.

The Greek Crown Games

2021 ◽  
pp. 86-97
Author(s):  
Manuela Mari ◽  
Paola Stirpe
Keyword(s):  
Archaic Period ◽  
Symbolic Meaning ◽  
Regional Function ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Artistic Works ◽  
Organizational Features ◽  
Greek World ◽  
The Prestige

The crowns of the four major Panhellenic crown games reveal the religious and symbolic meaning of the plants of whose leaves they were made. Special attention will also be paid to the historical, political, and socio-economic reasons why these four festivals became the most prestigious and popular in the Greek world from the archaic period onwards. Texts and inscriptions reveal many organizational features of the games. The wider regional function of the festivals is evidenced even in organization. The games were also important occasions for trading, for communicating news of international relevance, for announcing military and political initiatives and building up alliances, or for advertising literary and artistic works. Victor lists, ‘archival documents’, monuments and dedications at the sites preserved public memories and created cultural unities. The prestige of crown games was shared by many local games designated as ‘isolympic’, ‘isopythian’, and so on during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.

Local Scripts on Archaic Coins

2021 ◽  
pp. 187-222
Author(s):  
Andrew Meadows
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Greek World

This chapter provides a survey of the legends that appear on coins throughout the Mediterranean world before c.480 BC. It analyses them by purpose, geographical origin, and type, and compares their distribution to the overall patterns of production and circulation during the same period. It concludes (1) that after an early period of use for personal names, the overwhelming nature of the coin legend by the end of the Archaic period is to identify communities; and (2) that the Western Greek world of Italy and Sicily has a propensity for the use of such communal identifiers, and abbreviations thereof, somewhat greater than is found elsewhere in the Greek world. An appendix summarizes those coin legends discussed in Jeffery's Local Scripts and gathers legends not discussed. As far as possible all legends are illustrated.

scholarly journals Radiocarbon Dating of the Amphipolis Bridge in Northern Greece, Maintained and Functioned for 2500 Years

Radiocarbon ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Maniatis ◽  
D Malamidou ◽  
H Koukouli-Chryssanthaki ◽  
Y Facorellis
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Peloponnesian War ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Ancient City

The remains of a wooden construction, recovered in the 1970s at the northwest sector of the walls of the ancient city of Amphipolis (northern Greece), have been recognized as foundation remains of a wooden bridge described by Thucydides in his description of the events that took place at Amphipolis in 424–422 BC, during the Peloponnesian War. Frequent repairs in the Roman, Byzantine, and even Ottoman periods are very probable. In the last 10 yr, conservation has been done to enhance this unique monument. This work involves systematic investigation with radiocarbon dating of all the verified or suspected phases of this wooden bridge. The dating results reveal the beginning of construction most probably in the Archaic period and confirm beyond a doubt that the major construction phase took place in Classical times. Successive phases, related to repairs rather than to major reconstructions, have been detected during the Hellenistic, Roman, Early Christian, and Byzantine periods as well as the Ottoman era. The combined archaeometric and archaeological evidence leads to the remarkable conclusion that this bridge was functioning for about 2500 yr.

Diverting Demons: Ritual, Poetic Mockery and the Odysseus-Iros Encounter

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Archaic Period ◽  
Poetic Form ◽  
Detailed Characterization ◽  
Greek World ◽  
Different Parts

This article treats the verbal and physical altercation between the disguised Odysseus and the local beggar Iros at the start of Odyssey 18 and explores the overlapping ritual and generic aspects of the encounter so as to account for many of its otherwise puzzling features. Beginning with the detailed characterization of Iros at the book's start, I demonstrate how the poet assigns to the parasite properties and modes of behavior that have close analogues in later descriptions of pharmakoi and of famine demons expelled from communities in rites that are documented from different parts of the Greek world from the archaic period on; so too the account of Iros' ejection from the house and of his subsequent fate conforms to the patterns observable in these rituals. The second part of the discussion examines the ways in which the beggars' quarrel anticipates the enmities that the Ionian iambographers would construct with those whom they cast as their echthroi and rivals, and suggests that we see in the Homeric scene an early instance of an iambic-style confrontation presented in poetic form for performance at the symposium. The iambographers' own deployment of the scapegoat and famine demon paradigms for the vilification of their targets promotes the overlap between the epic and iambic material. In both portions of the argument, the discussion observes how the several frames informing the episode in Book 18 coincide with and promote the Odyssey's larger themes.

scholarly journals PROFESSIONALISM AND THE POETIC PERSONA IN ARCHAIC GREECE

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 200-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Archaic Period ◽  
Professional Status ◽  
Main Motivation ◽  
Financial Gain ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
Archaic Greece ◽  
To Receive

Greek poets of the archaic period, though often characterised as amateur aristocrats, could also seek to present themselves as professionals – regular practitioners of a specialist skill (τέχνη). In this capacity, the poet is understood to work primarily for the benefit of the community (either his own or, more commonly, those through which he travels). In return for these services, he expects to receive both a special status and material rewards (though financial gain is not presented as his main motivation). The poet's professional status thus forms one part of his identity and is a source of respect in the ancient city.

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