Lycurgus (2), legendary Spartan

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Nafissi
Keyword(s):  
Social Institutions ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Civic Identity ◽  
Political Order ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Greek World

Lycurgus was the legendary founder of Sparta’s political order and of many of its social institutions. His legend initially developed as part of the transformation that gave Sparta its distinctive features during the Archaic period. The role that Spartan tradition attributed to Lycurgus ended up subsuming and eventually cancelling any memory of this process, and his role in the establishment of the city’s laws and customs, along with Apollo’s blessing, rendered them more legitimate and binding. As it was Lycurgus’s laws that granted Sparta her distinctive greatness, the lawgiver continued to be an influential source of civic identity throughout antiquity, and in Sparta, his legend continued to be revived through a process known as invention of tradition. Throughout the Greek world, Lycurgus and his legislation were the object of deep historical, political and ethical-philosophical interest, usually admired or idealised, but occasionally viewed more critically.

The Greek Crown Games

2021 ◽  
pp. 86-97
Author(s):  
Manuela Mari ◽  
Paola Stirpe
Keyword(s):  
Archaic Period ◽  
Symbolic Meaning ◽  
Regional Function ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Artistic Works ◽  
Organizational Features ◽  
Greek World ◽  
The Prestige

The crowns of the four major Panhellenic crown games reveal the religious and symbolic meaning of the plants of whose leaves they were made. Special attention will also be paid to the historical, political, and socio-economic reasons why these four festivals became the most prestigious and popular in the Greek world from the archaic period onwards. Texts and inscriptions reveal many organizational features of the games. The wider regional function of the festivals is evidenced even in organization. The games were also important occasions for trading, for communicating news of international relevance, for announcing military and political initiatives and building up alliances, or for advertising literary and artistic works. Victor lists, ‘archival documents’, monuments and dedications at the sites preserved public memories and created cultural unities. The prestige of crown games was shared by many local games designated as ‘isolympic’, ‘isopythian’, and so on during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.

scholarly journals FORMATION OF HUMANISTIC IDEAS IN UKRAINIAN PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
N. Zlenko ◽  
◽  
R. Mnozhynska ◽  
S. Lysenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Golden Rule ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Moral Rule ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
Xvii Century ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century

The urgency of the research topic is necessity to understand the idea of humanism in Ukraine from its formation to development in new cultural and historical conditions. The purpose of the article is to study the formation and development of humanistic ideas in Ukrainian philosophical thought in the historical aspect. To achieve this goal, the following research methods were used: historical – to study the stages of development of humanistic ideas, analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, generalization and systematization – to formulate intermediate and final conclusions. The article highlights the meaning of the concept of "humanism". The preconditions for the formation of ideas of humanism are determined. It was found that the idea of humanism was preceded by the first moral rule of coexistence, which later in the history of philosophy was called talion. The main formation stages of humanistic ideas in the Ukrainian philosophical thought (the first – XIV-XVI centuries; the second – the second half of the XVI – the beginning of the XVII century; the third – the second half of the XVII century; the fourth – the second half of the XVII – the beginning of the XVIII century; fifth – XIX century, sixth – XX century, seventh – XXI century). Distinctive features of the humanistic ideas from talion and the "golden rule of morality" have been formed. Prospects for further scientific research in this area are seen in the study of the mechanisms of restoration of humanistic ideals in such social institutions as the family and school.

Local Scripts on Archaic Coins

2021 ◽  
pp. 187-222
Author(s):  
Andrew Meadows
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Greek World

This chapter provides a survey of the legends that appear on coins throughout the Mediterranean world before c.480 BC. It analyses them by purpose, geographical origin, and type, and compares their distribution to the overall patterns of production and circulation during the same period. It concludes (1) that after an early period of use for personal names, the overwhelming nature of the coin legend by the end of the Archaic period is to identify communities; and (2) that the Western Greek world of Italy and Sicily has a propensity for the use of such communal identifiers, and abbreviations thereof, somewhat greater than is found elsewhere in the Greek world. An appendix summarizes those coin legends discussed in Jeffery's Local Scripts and gathers legends not discussed. As far as possible all legends are illustrated.

Features of Labor Motivation of Pedagogical Workers

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-61
Author(s):  
A. A. Akhtyrskiy ◽  
N. V. Tyumaseva
Keyword(s):  
Professional Practice ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Teaching Experience ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Family Education ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Sense Of Justice

We accept an attempt to scientifically comprehend the role of social ties in the professional activities of teachers in orphanages. The article discusses the scientific views on the concept of labor motivation of teachers, affecting their professional practice. The results of international and all-Russian studies of the labor motivation of teachers are compared. Based on the results of a sociological study, the distinctive features of the labor motivation of teachers of orphanages are described: teachers of orphanages are prone to such positive and hedonistic meanings as the brightness of life, altruism, focus on friendly relations in a team, justice and honesty, orientation towards harmony with people through life and with children in professional activities. In particular, on the basis of correlation analysis, a positive relationship was determined between the sense of justice of teachers and their satisfaction with relations with the administration (r = 0.76). The satisfaction of teachers with relations with colleagues and the administration and their development will be affected by the awareness of the institution’s overall mission (r = 0.75) by the employees of the orphanage. Based on social assessments of teachers, the problematic aspects of applying motivational mechanisms based on incentives in the centers for promoting family education have been identified. Based on the analysis of scientific articles and social assessments of young educators, factors are identified that affect their activity and commitment to the goals of a social institution. As shown by the results of a survey of teachers of orphanages, 50 % of respondents under the age of 30 years and teaching experience of up to 10 years, think about how to change jobs. The article will be useful for the leaders of educational and social institutions, as well as researchers involved in this problem.

Bernays' Lucian and the Cynics

1880 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 301-304
Author(s):  
I. Bywater
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Ancient Philosophy ◽  
Political Order ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
General Reader ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Greek World

Professor Bernays is among the few who possess the art of writing what can be read by men of culture as well as by professional scholars and historians; a monograph from his pen is sure to be at once a real contribution to knowledge, full of striking and original suggestions, and a work of literature, written with the attention to form and finish which we admire in some of the classic productions of a former age. The present work on Lucian and the Cynics is in every respect a worthy companion to the Theophrastus on Piety published in 1866. Though it is shorter and less elaborate in details than its predecessor, the subject is one which allows of a more consecutive mode of statement, and has perhaps in itself a more immediate interest for the general reader. Prof. Bernays now deals with an aspect of the civilization of the Roman empire, in which he demonstrates—what to many of us, I suppose, will be a sort of revelation—the existence of a popular religious movement, distinct from the established Paganism and from the philosophies of the schools. This new interpretation of Cynicism enables us to realize the fact that the Cynic of the first and second centuries was not a philosophical oddity, to be relegated to a chapter of a history of ancient philosophy, but a religious reformer at a moment when the Greek world seemed to have lost the power of religious initiative, and the spokesman of a kind of popular opposition when opposition to the existing political order of things was least to be expected.

Diverting Demons: Ritual, Poetic Mockery and the Odysseus-Iros Encounter

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Archaic Period ◽  
Poetic Form ◽  
Detailed Characterization ◽  
Greek World ◽  
Different Parts

This article treats the verbal and physical altercation between the disguised Odysseus and the local beggar Iros at the start of Odyssey 18 and explores the overlapping ritual and generic aspects of the encounter so as to account for many of its otherwise puzzling features. Beginning with the detailed characterization of Iros at the book's start, I demonstrate how the poet assigns to the parasite properties and modes of behavior that have close analogues in later descriptions of pharmakoi and of famine demons expelled from communities in rites that are documented from different parts of the Greek world from the archaic period on; so too the account of Iros' ejection from the house and of his subsequent fate conforms to the patterns observable in these rituals. The second part of the discussion examines the ways in which the beggars' quarrel anticipates the enmities that the Ionian iambographers would construct with those whom they cast as their echthroi and rivals, and suggests that we see in the Homeric scene an early instance of an iambic-style confrontation presented in poetic form for performance at the symposium. The iambographers' own deployment of the scapegoat and famine demon paradigms for the vilification of their targets promotes the overlap between the epic and iambic material. In both portions of the argument, the discussion observes how the several frames informing the episode in Book 18 coincide with and promote the Odyssey's larger themes.

The nature and sources of liberal international order

1999 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL DEUDNEY ◽  
G. JOHN IKENBERRY
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Order ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Civic Identity ◽  
Economic Openness ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
American Hegemony ◽  
The Cold War

Debates about the future of relations among the advanced industrial countries after the Cold War hinge on theories about the sources of international political order. Realism advances the most defined—and pessimistic—answers drawing on theories of anarchy, balance, and hegemony. But these theories are not able to explain the origins and continuing stability of relations among the United States and its European and Asian partners. This article develops a theory of liberal international order that captures its major structures, institutions, and practices. Distinctive features mark postwar liberal order—co-binding security institutions, penetrated American hegemony, semi-sovereign great powers, economic openness, and civic identity. It is these multifaceted and interlocking features of Western liberal order that give it a durability and significance.

Cities and sanctuaries of the archaic period in Chalkidike

1996 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 319-328
Author(s):  
†Julia Vokotopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Archaic Period ◽  
Local Culture ◽  
Animal Sacrifice ◽  
Early Infant ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
Greek World

This paper summarizes recent excavations in Chalkidike. The ancient city of Mende has yielded evidence of houses and other structures, an archaic cemetery, and Mycenaean to late classical finds. At Polychrono (ancient Neapolis or Aige?) there are archaic and classical structures on terraces, and a cemetery with early infant burials. Three archaic–classical sanctuaries have also been found: (1) at Poseidi, a temple of Poseidon (identified from inscribed votives), robbed and reused in hellenistic and Roman times; (2) at Nea Roda-Sane, a temple to a female deity, with sculptures; and (3) at Parthenonas, a peak sanctuary of Zeus with evidence of animal sacrifice. The implications for Chalkidian relationships with other parts of the Greek world and for the strength of local culture are briefly examined.

Locating Aitnaian Identity in Pindar’s Pythian 1

2019 ◽  
pp. 137-178
Author(s):  
Virginia M. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Sense Of Place ◽  
Civic Identity ◽  
Cosmic Order ◽  
Ethnic Heritage ◽  
New City ◽  
Shared Narrative ◽  
Greek World ◽  
Important Site

Chapter 3 proposes that in Pythian 1 Pindar uses two myths to map out and reinforce a sense of civic identity for the newly founded city of Aitna. Building upon other work that shows that Typho’s prison celebrates Hieron’s recent military and political victories, the chapter argues that this myth creates a significant place for Aitna within a Panhellenic mythical context. According to Hesiod, Typho is the final foe Zeus faces before becoming uncontested king of the Olympians (Theog. 821–80). Typho’s placement under Aitna thus transforms the landscape into an important site for stability of the cosmic order and elevates the new city to a place of Panhellenic significance. Second, it demonstrates that the myth of the Dorian migration supplies a myth of continuity for the new citizens of Aitna. While these citizens originate from different cities—half from Syracuse, half from the Peloponnese, according to Diodorus—the myth of the Dorian migration offers a shared narrative that unites them as an ethnic group. Taken together these two myths offer Aitna both a sense of place within a wider Greek narrative and a celebration of their ethnic heritage through their performances in Aitna, in Sicily more broadly, and throughout the Greek world.

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