ancient city
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2022 ◽  
Vol 315 ◽  
pp. 125780
Author(s):  
Kuangliang Qian ◽  
Yufeng Song ◽  
Junying Lai ◽  
Xiaoqian Qian ◽  
Zhe Zhang ◽  
...  
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amr Abdo

This book is an attempt to find a way through an archaeological labyrinth of fragmentary evidence. Taking into account the last two centuries of systematic research into the topography of the ancient city while integrating the latest discoveries, the volume aims to catalogue the archaeological sites of Alexandria, from the records of the French Expedition (1798-99) to the present day, and to infer the urban layout and cityscape at the time of its foundation (4th century BC), and then through the successive changes which took place up to the Arab conquest in the 7th century AD. To this end, a holistic approach to topographic reconstruction is adopted, where material culture is studied in conjunction with the historical record. The results are displayed in AutoCAD maps and over 340 illustrations.


2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-97
Author(s):  
Saba Sami Al Ali

Mesopotamian cities were formed sometime during the fourth millennium BCE, and many of them continued to be inhabited as much as 3000 years. While urban characteristics of these cities has been extensively studied, the current article is concerned with exploring the inhabitants' daily experience in the city; a subject that has not been sufficiently explored despite its importance in urban studies. The objective is to expand the understanding of the relation between the ancient city and its occupants. The paper adopts the concept of the City Image as introduced in the seminal work of Kevin Lunch "Image of The City" in investigating aspects of the Mesopotamian city that qualifies it to form a strong mental Image for her citizens, derived from the legibility of its elements and the structure they form. Using a descriptive analytical method in reviewing previous literature, the research first clarifies the shared characters of Mesopotamian cities, and addresses the stature of the city in Mesopotamians' culture. I then specify the five urban elements of the city image as categorised by Lynch; paths, nodes, edges, districts and landmarks, in addition to addressing manifestations of the citizens' urban life in the Mesopotamian city. Afterward, visualization of the citizen's daily experience through the urban fabric of the city is provided, to arrive at a conclusion of the Legibility of the mental image of the Mesopotamian city in the perception of its citizens.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-66
Author(s):  
František Válek

During the Late Bronze Age, Syria was mostly dominated by the larger powers of the ancient Near East—Mitanni (the Hurrians), the Hittite Empire, and Egypt. The ancient city of Ugarit yielded numerous texts and artifacts that attest to the presence of foreigners and their influences on local religious traditions. Textually, the best-preserved influences are those of Hurrian origin, although these were probably promoted thanks to the Hittites, who incorporated many Hurrian deities and cults. Hurrian traditions thus influenced both Ugaritic cults and divine pantheons. Egyptian influences, in contrast, are observable mostly in art and material evidence. Art of Egyptian origin was considered prestigious and because of that was prominently seen in trade and international exchange gifts, but it also entered the religious sphere in the form of cultic statues and ex-voto gifts for deities. Egyptian art was also often imitated by local artists. The same can be said of art from the Mediterranean area. Some evidence suggests that foreigners actively related to local traditions as well. Ritual tablets from Ugarit (namely KTU3 1.40 and its variants) illustrate that there were always frictions in a multicultural/national society. These tablets also indicate that such frictions could have been dealt with through ritual action, and thus emphasize the role religion played. The city of Ugarit is used in this paper to illuminate some processes that can be observed in the whole of ancient Syria. Nevertheless, every site has its own outcome of interactions with other cultures.


2021 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Dominic Perring

This chapter introduces the study and explains why Roman London, the ancient city known as Londinium, is so important. The Roman site is contained largely within the bounds of the City of London, with an important trans-pontine settlement at Southwark. The intensity of research undertaken here allows an unusually detailed description of the course of change, to which many absolute dates can be attached. The arguments of the book are then summarized, with a brief chapter-by-chapter review of its contents forming a brisk historical narrative. The work is presented as making a substantial contribution to Romano-British archaeology and the study of ancient history in general.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-128
Author(s):  
Lengkong Sanggar Ginaris ◽  
Widya Nayati

Penelitian ini membahas arti khusus yang terdapat pada permakaman Belanda Peneleh di Kota Surabaya. Permakaman Belanda Peneleh dipilih sebagai objek penelitian karena permakaman tersebut memiliki makam dan prasasti lama dengan berbagai bentuk dan usia yang relatif utuh. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui arti khusus yang terdapat pada permakaman Belanda Peneleh. Berdasarkan arti khusus yang terdapat pada makam Belanda Peneleh dapat dipahami cara kita menjaga, melindungi dan mengembangkannya. Data tentang nilai penting diperoleh dari hasil pengamatan lapangan dan studi pustaka, baik tentang kompleks makam maupun yang berkaitan dengan kota Surabaya kuno serta tentang perkembangan agama di Surabaya. Data dianalisis lalu diintepretasi untuk mengetahui arti khusus dari permakaman Belanda Peneleh. Data nisan yang bisa dibaca dianalisis tentang bahannya, kondisi kerusakan, isi inskripsi yang ada, serta hiasan yang digunakan. Data tersebut dikorelasikan dengan data sejarah yang diperoleh dari kajian pustaka. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa permakaman Belanda Peneleh memiliki arti khusus sejarah, ilmu pengetahuan, agama, dan kebudayaan yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pembelajaran untuk masyarakat. Dengan adanya penelitian ini, diharapkan bahwa permakaman Belanda Peneleh dapat dimanfaatkan untuk kepentingan pendidikan yang dapat diakses semua kalangan dan memberi pemahaman mengenai sejarah, masyarakat, dan budaya orang-orang Belanda di Indonesia, serta relevansinya pada masa sekarang.This study discusses the significance of the Peneleh Dutch Cemetery in Surabaya. The Peneleh Dutch Cemetery was chosen as the object of research due to the feature of old tombs and inscriptions, in various shapes and ages, that are relatively complete. The purpose of this study was to determine the special meaning of the Peneleh Dutch Cemetery. The significance of the Peneleh Dutch Cemetery may enlighten on the means to protect and develop it. Data on the importance of value were obtained from field observations and literature studies, both about the tomb complex and those related to the ancient city of Surabaya as well as about the development of religion in Surabaya. The data were analyzed and then interpreted to find out the special meaning of the Peneleh Dutch Cemetery. The legible data of the headstones were analyzed with regard to the material, the condition of damage, the content of the inscriptions, and the decorations. The data were compared to historical data extracted from literature reviews. Analysis results suggest the Peneleh Dutch Cemetery has special historical, scientific, religious, and cultural meanings that can be used as learning materials for the community. It is hoped that the Dutch Cemetery can be used for educational purposes that can be accessed by all groups and provide an understanding of the history, society and culture of the Dutch people in Indonesia and their relevance today.


2021 ◽  

This paper explores the styles of construction and the city features of the sixteenth century royal capital of Haṁsāvatī, located in Bago, Myanmar. It was founded by King Bayinnaung in 1566 CE. Throughout its existence, the ancient city has been devastated by natural disasters, weak heritage conservation policies, and urban encroachments. Starting from 2018, excavation work on Haṁsāvatī wall was started and research was carried out on up to four excavation mounds. Archaeological excavations have revealed a wealth of evidence on architecture, including the city walls, gateways, and turrets. This research examines the architectural elements found during the excavations of the Haṁsāvatī wall, construction techniques, renovations and destructions throughout centuries. New hypotheses and discoveries from excavations, cross-examinations with historical records will also be presented. ဤစာတမ်းငယ်သည် မမန်မာနိုင်ငံ၊ ပဲခူးမမို့တွင် တည်ရှိသသာ (၁၆) ရာစုနှစ်လက်ရာ ဟံသာဝတီမမို့သတာ်၏ တည်သောက်မှုပုံစံနှင့် မမို့မပအင်္ဂါရပ်တို့ကို ရှာသွွသွာ်ထုတ်ထားပါသည်။ ဤမမို့သတာ်ကို ဘုရင့်သနာင်မင်းတရားကကီးက သအဒီ (၁၅၆၆) တွင် စတင်တည်သထာင်ခဲ့မခင်းမွစ်သည်။ ရာဇဝင်နှင့်မှတ်တမ်းများအရ မမို့သဟာင်းသည် သဘာဝသဘးအန္တရာယ်၊ ထိန်းသိမ်းမှုမူဝါဒညံ့ွျင်းမှုများနှင့် မမို့မပကျူးသကျာ်မှုများကို တည်ရှိလာသည့်ကာလတစ်သလှောက် များစွာခံစားခဲ့ရသသးသည်။ (၂၀၁၈) ခုနှစ်မှ စတင်၍ ဟံသာဝတီမမို့သဟာင်းတူးသွာ်မှုလုပ်ငန်းများကို စတင်နိုင်ခဲ့မပီး လက်ရှိအချနိ ်အထိ တူးသွာ်မှုကုန်းသလးခုအထိ သုသတသနမပုလုပ်နိုင်ခဲ့မပီးမွစ်ပါသည်။ မမို့ရိုး၊ မမို့တံခါးသပါက်၊ မပအိုးအစရှိသည့် များစွာသသာ ဗိသုကာေိုင်ရာအသထာက်အထားများကိုလည်း သရှး သဟာင်းသုသတသနေိုင်ရာတူးသွာ်မှုများမှတစ်ေင့် သွာ်ထုတ်နိုင်ခဲ့မပီးမွစ်ပါသည်။ ယခုသုသတသနသည် ဟံသာဝတီမမို့ရိုးတူးသွာ်မှုမှ သတွ့ရှိရသည့် ဗိသုကာေိုင်ရာ အင်္ဂါရပ်များ၊


Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 4665-4677
Author(s):  
Panayotis K. Spathis ◽  
Maria Mavrommati ◽  
Eirini Gkrava ◽  
Vasilios Tsiridis ◽  
Sotiris P. Evgenidis ◽  
...  

The goal of the study was to characterize the limestone that was used extensively in the ancient city of Pella (Macedonia, Greece), the birthplace of Alexander the Great. An on-site examination of the building material was carried out to record the types of damage and to select sampling areas. A variation in the nature of the stone and the degree of deterioration, even between the stones that comprise a specific monument structure, was observed, with water absorption and biological colonization being the main factors resulting in the deterioration of the stone. A comprehensive microanalysis and testing scheme was conducted to fully characterize the mineralogical, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties of the stones collected from various areas of the archaeological site. Optical microscopy, XRD and SEM–EDX were used to investigate the chemical composition and the structure of the stone samples. Finally, other properties, such as porosity, specific gravity and water absorption, were measured. Surface alterations, material degradation and biological deterioration were observed in most samples. The results obtained using XRD showed that the dominant mineral phase of the limestone is calcite, with quartz and clay minerals also detected in traces. The microscopic examination of the samples showed that the main natural stone at the archaeological site is a marly limestone. Thermographical measurements showed that the decay of the stones due to ambient temperature variation and corresponding contraction/expansion phenomena may be relatively limited, as the stone exhibited a low thermal diffusivity. Moreover, high porosity values (12.06–21.09%) and low compressive strength (11.3–27.7 MPa) were recorded, indicating the vulnerability of the stone and the need to take conservation measures.


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