scholarly journals What forms the chunks in a subject's performance? Lessons from the CHREST computational model of learning

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C.R. Lane ◽  
Fernand Gobet ◽  
Peter C-H. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Computational Model ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Alternative Technique ◽  
Specific Task ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory

Computational models of learning provide an alternative technique for identifying the number and type of chunks used by a subject in a specific task. Results from applying CHREST to chess expertise support the theoretical framework of Cowan and a limit in visual short-term memory capacity of 3–4 looms. An application to learning from diagrams illustrates different identifiable forms of chunk.

scholarly journals How Do Subway Signs Affect Pedestrians’ Wayfinding Behavior through Visual Short-Term Memory?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6866
Author(s):  
Haoru Li ◽  
Jinliang Xu ◽  
Xiaodong Zhang ◽  
Fangchen Ma
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Subway Station ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Types Of Information

Recently, subways have become an important part of public transportation and have developed rapidly in China. In the subway station setting, pedestrians mainly rely on visual short-term memory to obtain information on how to travel. This research aimed to explore the short-term memory capacities and the difference in short-term memory for different information for Chinese passengers regarding subway signs. Previous research has shown that people’s general short-term memory capacity is approximately four objects and that, the more complex the information, the lower people’s memory capacity. However, research on the short-term memory characteristics of pedestrians for subway signs is scarce. Hence, based on the STM theory and using 32 subway signs as stimuli, we recruited 120 subjects to conduct a cognitive test. The results showed that passengers had a different memory accuracy for different types of information in the signs. They were more accurate regarding line number and arrow, followed by location/text information, logos, and orientation. Meanwhile, information type, quantity, and complexity had significant effects on pedestrians’ short-term memory capacity. Finally, according to our results that outline the characteristics of short-term memory for subway signs, we put forward some suggestions for subway signs. The findings will be effective in helping designers and managers improve the quality of subway station services as well as promoting the development of pedestrian traffic in such a setting.

scholarly journals How high is visual short-term memory capacity for object layout?

2010 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 1097-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Sanocki ◽  
Eric Sellers ◽  
Jeff Mittelstadt ◽  
Noah Sulman
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory

scholarly journals Brain Oscillatory Substrates of Visual Short-Term Memory Capacity

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (21) ◽  
pp. 1846-1852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Sauseng ◽  
Wolfgang Klimesch ◽  
Kirstin F. Heise ◽  
Walter R. Gruber ◽  
Elisa Holz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory

Visual Short-term Memory Capacity for Simple and Complex Objects

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 496-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Luria ◽  
Paola Sessa ◽  
Alex Gotler ◽  
Pierre Jolicœur ◽  
Roberto Dell'Acqua
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Change Detection Task ◽  
Comparison Process ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Complex Objects ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Complex Stimuli ◽  
Lower Capacity

Does the capacity of visual short-term memory (VSTM) depend on the complexity of the objects represented in memory? Although some previous findings indicated lower capacity for more complex stimuli, other results suggest that complexity effects arise during retrieval (due to errors in the comparison process with what is in memory) that is not related to storage limitations of VSTM, per se. We used ERPs to track neuronal activity specifically related to retention in VSTM by measuring the sustained posterior contralateral negativity during a change detection task (which required detecting if an item was changed between a memory and a test array). The sustained posterior contralateral negativity, during the retention interval, was larger for complex objects than for simple objects, suggesting that neurons mediating VSTM needed to work harder to maintain more complex objects. This, in turn, is consistent with the view that VSTM capacity depends on complexity.

TMS Over the Right Precuneus Reduces the Bilateral Field Advantage in Visual Short Term Memory Capacity

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antje Kraft ◽  
Mads Dyrholm ◽  
Stefanie Kehrer ◽  
Christian Kaufmann ◽  
Jovita Bruening ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
The Right

scholarly journals Parallel encoding of information into visual short-term memory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin S. Dalmaijer ◽  
Sanjay G. Manohar ◽  
Masud Husain
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Feature Integration ◽  
Integration Theory ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Feature Integration Theory ◽  
Parallel Encoding

AbstractHumans can temporarily retain information in their highly limited short-term memory. Traditionally, objects are thought to be attentionally selected and committed to short-term memory one-by-one. However, few studies directly test this serial encoding assumption. Here, we demonstrate that information from separate objects can be encoded into short-term memory in parallel. We developed models of serial and parallel encoding that describe probabilities of items being present in short-term memory throughout the encoding process, and tested them in a whole-report design. Empirical data from four experiments in healthy individuals were fitted best by the parallel encoding model, even when items were presented unilaterally (processed within one hemisphere). Our results demonstrate that information from several items can be attentionally selected and consequently encoded into short-term memory simultaneously. This suggests the popular feature integration theory needs to be reformulated to account for parallel encoding, and provides important boundaries for computational models of short-term memory.

Does Visual Short-Term Memory Capacity Defined by the Number of Objects Or by Their Complexity?

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Luria ◽  
Paola Sessa ◽  
Alex Gotler ◽  
Pierre Jolicoeur ◽  
Roberto Dell'Acqua
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory
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