TOWARDS IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPONENT-BASED MODELING IN THE PLATFORM FOR CREATING KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS

В статье исследуются проблемы автоматизации и интеллектуальной поддержки процесса математического и имитационного моделирования сложных объектов за счёт комбинации компонентно-ориентированного и онтологического подходов. В качестве основной прикладной области для применения обсуждаемых методов и средств предполагается использовать такое направление, как комплексное моделирование окружающей среды. В контексте изучаемых вопросов рассмотрены современные подходы к автоматизации компонентно-ориентированного моделирования. При интеграции компонентов-моделей в единую результирующую комплексную модель разработчику необходимо не только обеспечить формальное согласование со стандартами используемого каркаса моделирования, но и учитывать различные типы семантической и синтаксической неоднородности компонентов. В связи с этим выполнена классификация типов интеграции комплексных моделей, обсуждаются особенности реализации компонентно-ориентированного моделирования в авторской платформе создания систем, основанных на знаниях. В качестве иллюстративного примера рассматривается гидролого-экологическая балансовая модель. The article considers the problems of automation and intellectual support of the mathematical and simulation modeling process of complex objects via a combination of component-based and ontological approaches. As the main application area for the discussed methods and tools, it is proposed to use the integrated environmental modeling domain. In this context, modern approaches to the automation of component-based modeling are considered. To couple model components into a final complex model, the developer needs not only to ensure formal agreement with the standards of the modeling framework but also to take into account various types of semantic and syntactic heterogeneity of components. In this regard, the classification of the integration types for complex modeling is carried out, the related implementation features in the author's platform for creating knowledge-based systems are discussed. The hydrological-ecological balance model is considered an illustrative example.

Theoretical studies of the force interaction of a three-axle vehicle with a stand with single rollers

The article discusses the issues of modeling conditions for obtaining diagnostic information about complex objects. Checking the braking and traction properties of three-axle trucks on a roller stand is considered as an example. As shown by many studies, in particular, which were carried out at the Department of Technical Operation and Service of Automobiles of the KhNADU (HADI), inertial stands provide more reliable information about the technical condition of the car. Such stands allow you to reproduce the real speed and thermal conditions of the brakes. To improve the accuracy of diagnosing a car on a roller stand, it is necessary to have an idea of the nature of the interaction of the car's wheels with the rollers. The study of the rolling of the wheels of a three-axle car bogie on the stand rollers was carried out at the Department of Technical Operation of Cars, KhNADU. However, all these studies were carried out on biaxial stands, where each bogie wheel rests on a pair of rollers. In order to exclude wheel slippage, partial braking is recommended, that is, a mode when partial force on the pedals (or pressure) is created in the system and, as a result, incomplete braking force develops in the braking mechanisms (or deceleration reaches some partial value from the full one). It is necessary to analyze the possibility of implementing full brake test modes on a roller stand by improving the layout and geometrical scheme of the stand. A power model of the system of interaction between a car and a stand has been developed, taking into account the design features of the stand and the design features of the suspension of a three-axle car. The power model of this system includes the equations of equilibrium of the body and two axles, as well as the equations of motion for the rollers and wheels of the car. Based on the results of the analysis of the acting forces in the "car-stand" system, the coefficients of the use of the load q during the brake tests of a three-axle car were determined, and the longitudinal stability of the car was also analyzed. The obtained research results allowed to improve the theory of interaction of the wheels of three-axle vehicles with single rollers of the diagnostic stand.

Information system for creating a generalized model of complex technical objects

Creation of complex technical objects (CTO, such as science-intensive engineering objects, which are characterized by the number of elements and connections equal to 106 and more) – a process containing long subprocesses, complex objects, models, and based on available standards and information technology (IT). It is known from practice that CTO models are created with the help of information systems - components of CALS and PLM-solutions. This process have the following shortcomings: models at different stages of creation of CTO are not completely interconnected; CTO modeling takes place using different components of IT CALS and PLM-solutions, which creates constant difficulties in data conversion and leads to partial or complete loss of model data; there is no automated communication with other CTO models. A generalized model of complex technical objects is proposed, which based on using the theoretical-multiple approach allows to establish an information connection between the models of the process of creating complex technical objects. The information system of creation of the generalized model of difficult technical objects that allowed automating process of processing and construction of models is developed; to supplement the technology of parallel PLM design and components of information technologies CALS and PLM-solutions for the task of creating models of complex technical objects.

Dimension investigation to pneumatic network bending soft actuators for soft robotic applications

Soft actuators have been investigated for robots that interact with people, such as industrial robots, entertainment robots, and medical robots. Although soft actuators have been utilised in several applications, design tools that can assist in the effective and systematic design of actuators are needed. This paper focused on the most common soft actuators for bending motion, the Pneumatic Networks bending actuators. Paper presented a survey on the effects of changing the dimensions on the soft actuator and its cross-section shape on the soft actuator flexibility and the forces generated at different applied pressures. This survey can be used to optimize the dimension ratio for the soft actuator and the cross-section shape. Furthermore, this paper analyzed the possible reasons for the dimension change effect. The performance of the bending soft actuator was evaluated using ABAQUS/CAE software simulation models to provide quantitative insights into the actuators' behaviours. Thus, this paper provided a lot of insights that can be used to guide and accelerate the soft actuator design process to create strong and flexible Pneumatic Networks bending actuators. Using the paper insights outputs, a soft gripper was designed that can grasp many complex objects without needing any modification in the gripper shape. To show the proposed actuators' capacity to do complicated movements and expand their applications, a completely soft hand was created that can mimic the mobility of the human hand as nearly as possible, and this ability was verified using hand sign language settings.

Preparing to move: Setting initial conditions to simplify interactions with complex objects

Humans dexterously interact with a variety of objects, including those with complex internal dynamics. Even in the simple action of carrying a cup of coffee, the hand not only applies a force to the cup, but also indirectly to the liquid, which elicits complex reaction forces back on the hand. Due to underactuation and nonlinearity, the object’s dynamic response to an action sensitively depends on its initial state and can display unpredictable, even chaotic behavior. With the overarching hypothesis that subjects strive for predictable object-hand interactions, this study examined how subjects explored and prepared the dynamics of an object for subsequent execution of the target task. We specifically hypothesized that subjects find initial conditions that shorten the transients prior to reaching a stable and predictable steady state. Reaching a predictable steady state is desirable as it may reduce the need for online error corrections and facilitate feed forward control. Alternative hypotheses were that subjects seek to reduce effort, increase smoothness, and reduce risk of failure. Motivated by the task of ‘carrying a cup of coffee’, a simplified cup-and-ball model was implemented in a virtual environment. Human subjects interacted with this virtual object via a robotic manipulandum that provided force feedback. Subjects were encouraged to first explore and prepare the cup-and-ball before initiating a rhythmic movement at a specified frequency between two targets without losing the ball. Consistent with the hypotheses, subjects increased the predictability of interaction forces between hand and object and converged to a set of initial conditions followed by significantly decreased transients. The three alternative hypotheses were not supported. Surprisingly, the subjects’ strategy was more effortful and less smooth, unlike the observed behavior in simple reaching movements. Inverse dynamics of the cup-and-ball system and forward simulations with an impedance controller successfully described subjects’ behavior. The initial conditions chosen by the subjects in the experiment matched those that produced the most predictable interactions in simulation. These results present first support for the hypothesis that humans prepare the object to minimize transients and increase stability and, overall, the predictability of hand-object interactions.

Deep Learning Spatial-Spectral Classification of Remote Sensing Images by Applying Morphology-Based Differential Extinction Profile (DEP)

Since the technology of remote sensing has been improved recently, the spatial resolution of satellite images is getting finer. This enables us to precisely analyze the small complex objects in a scene through remote sensing images. Thus, the need to develop new, efficient algorithms like spatial-spectral classification methods is growing. One of the most successful approaches is based on extinction profile (EP), which can extract contextual information from remote sensing data. Moreover, deep learning classifiers have drawn attention in the remote sensing community in the past few years. Recent progress has shown the effectiveness of deep learning at solving different problems, particularly segmentation tasks. This paper proposes a novel approach based on a new concept, which is differential extinction profile (DEP). DEP makes it possible to have an input feature vector with both spectral and spatial information. The input vector is then fed into a proposed straightforward deep-learning-based classifier to produce a thematic map. The approach is carried out on two different urban datasets from Pleiades and World-View 2 satellites. In order to prove the capabilities of the suggested approach, we compare the final results to the results of other classification strategies with different input vectors and various types of common classifiers, such as support vector machine (SVM) and random forests (RF). It can be concluded that the proposed approach is significantly improved in terms of three kinds of criteria, which are overall accuracy, Kappa coefficient, and total disagreement.

Application of Territorial Laser Scanning in 3D Modeling of Traditional Village: A Case Study of Fenghuang Village in China

Historical villages bear historical, cultural, architectural, aesthetic, and landscape values, but they are facing a series of dangers and problems during the process of urbanization. Digital survey for traditional villages plays a crucial role in the preservation, planning, and development of this kind of heritage. The introduction of the terrestrial laser scanning technique is essential for heritage surveying, mapping, and modeling due to its advantages of noncontact measurement, accurate sensing of complex objects, and efficient operation. In recent years, TLS and related processing software (“SCENE”) have been widely presented as effective techniques for dealing with the management and protection of historical buildings in Fenghuang village. Thus, this paper highlights the process of using laser scanning to obtain architectural data, process point clouds, and compare the characteristics of historical buildings in Fenghuang village. The cloud-to-cloud registration technique is applied to build point clouds. As a result of model construction, some architectural patterns are summarized in this village, such as the spatial sequence of ancestral halls, the dominant position of memorial halls, and the character of building decorations and roof slopes. Furthermore, a BIM model is also explained to fulfill the statistical function for architectural components. In the future, more research can be fulfilled based on the built point cloud model, which will be beneficial for the development of the whole village.

3D-Printed Porous Magnetic Carbon Materials Derived from Metal–Organic Frameworks

Here we report new porous carbon materials obtained by 3D printing from photopolymer compositions with zinc- and nickel-based metal–organic frameworks, ZIF-8 and Ni-BTC, followed by high-temperature pyrolysis. The pyrolyzed materials that retain the shapes of complex objects contain pores, which were produced by boiling zinc and magnetic nickel particles. The two thus provided functionalities—large specific surface area and ferromagnetism—that pave the way towards creating heterogenous catalysts that can be easily removed from reaction mixtures in industrial catalytic processes.

ANALYSIS OF USING ELECTRONIC FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS

High-rise multi-storey buildings are one of the most widely used types of buildings in town-planning (urban planning). Depending on their purpose, high-rise multi-storey buildings are considered to be both constructive and engineering-technically complex objects. The current use of modern construction technologies intends the widespread use of a large number of engineering systems in high-rise multi-storey buildings. These include such examples as ventilation, heating, lighting, communications, building automation, etc. It should be pointed out that fire safety systems play one of the key roles in building automation. This is due to the fact that multi-storey buildings have rather high energy consumers and the use of a large number of various systems consequently increase the probability of fire occurence. In addition, it is worth pointing out that the human factor plays an important role in fire occurrence, because human is the direct author of constructive and technical solutions, the end user of the apartments having a high probability of fire, so much depends on his actions as a result. The main purpose of the paper is to analyze the use of various technical units to increase the efficiency of multi-storey buildings in terms of fire safety. First, fire is studied as a physicochemical process and then analysis of various fire safety problems that arise during the operation of multi-storey buildings in the Republic of Azerbaijan and foreign countries and their practical solutions based on this analysis are examined in the article. Keywords: fire, smoke extraction/ventilation systems, fire alarm systems, fire detectors, fire controllers, building automation, video analytics