Do Young Children Consider Similarities or Differences When Responding to Referential Questions?

Young children often struggle with referential communications because they fail to compare all valid referents. In two studies, we investigated this comparison process. In Study 1, 4–7 year-olds (N = 114) were asked to categorize pairs of objects according to their similarities or differences, and then identified a unique quality of one of the objects by responding to a referential question. Children found it easier to judge the differences between objects than similarities. Correct judgments of differences predicted accurate identifications. In Study 2, 4–5 year-olds (N = 36) again categorized according to similarities or differences, but this time were asked for verbal explanations of their decisions. Recognition of differences was easier than recognition of similarities. Explanations of errors were either: (a) ambiguous; (b) color error: (c) thematic (creative imaginative explanations). Children offered thematic explanations when they failed to recognize similarities between objects, but not for errors of difference.

A NFT verification method for distributed AI system

This paper proposes a method invention, namely an efficient NFT data inspection method with minimum granularity and probability comparison. The invention establishes a fast comparison method of AI model and data, that is, the direct comparison of small files priority and the maximum-minimum interval comparison. The invention takes the substantial identity inside the NFT data and the processing method of NFT data coincidence into account, so that the data content outside the token of the NFT publicly shared by the AI distributed system can also be unique on the Internet. Therefore, it can avoid the problem of incremental packaging and repeated packaging, and can successfully balance the efficiency and security of the comparison process. portions given in this document

Sources of confidence in value-based choice

Confidence, the subjective estimate of decision quality, is a cognitive process necessary for learning from mistakes and guiding future actions. The origins of confidence judgments resulting from economic decisions remain unclear. We devise a task and computational framework that allowed us to formally tease apart the impact of various sources of confidence in value-based decisions, such as uncertainty emerging from encoding and decoding operations, as well as the interplay between gaze-shift dynamics and attentional effort. In line with canonical decision theories, trial-to-trial fluctuations in the precision of value encoding impact economic choice consistency. However, this uncertainty has no influence on confidence reports. Instead, confidence is associated with endogenous attentional effort towards choice alternatives and down-stream noise in the comparison process. These findings provide an explanation for confidence (miss)attributions in value-guided behaviour, suggesting mechanistic influences of endogenous attentional states for guiding decisions and metacognitive awareness of choice certainty.

PROSEDUR PROSES LAYANAN INDUSTRI KEUANGAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL IDEF0

This research aims to provide an overview of the procedure of the financial comparison service process in the form of credit card comparisons and mortgage loan comparisons conducted digitally in Indonesia. This research used a qualitative method using the IDEF0 model. Current financial services have used digital technology. A large amount of financial services competition conducted by Fintech has been able to trim the existing process procedures. Credit card comparisons and mortgage loan comparisons can be done online. Innovations made by Fintech for financial services have cut downtime and a long process so far. The display of financial service process procedures in the IDEF0 model is expected to make it easier for consumers to understand the comparison process.

Comparison of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Models: Analyzing the Steps in the Domain of Websites’ Evaluation

Websites of environmental content constitute an important tool for promoting environmental information, affect environmental attitudes and promote protected areas as touristic destinations. However, these websites have to be evaluated to ensure that they reach their final goal. The use of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) models in website evaluation is relatively new and not many models have been tested for this purpose. Comparisons of such models have been implemented in various domains but not for the purposes of environmental website evaluation. The main objective of this paper is on presenting the procedure of comparison of MCDM models spherical by providing in detail the steps that have to be followed. This process was implemented for website evaluation and investigated the comparative performance of the TOPSIS and VIKOR models. This comparison process involves reliability analysis of the questionnaire and the sample of decision makers, pairwise comparisons of the models by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient and estimation of the Cohen’s Kappa for testing the inter-rater comparability, using the models as raters. Furthermore, a sensitivity and robustness analysis of those models is implemented, which also has not been implemented before in the application of those models in website evaluation. The tests implemented and presented in this paper reveal that the reasonable disagreement that was often observed among the methods did not affect their reliability. As a result, MCDM models proved very effective for evaluating websites of environmental content.

Comparison of Open Source Code when Updating using the Damerau-Levenshtein Distance

The paper describes a text comparison problem that arises during the update of open source programs in the presence of user changes. An algorithm based on calculating the Damerau — Levenshtein distance is used to correctly match the lines of two texts. The main difference between the proposed algorithm and the classical one is that the weights of such operations as insert, delete, replace, and permute are not constants, but depend on the values of individual text elements and their location. The paper also describes the functionality that allows the programmer to simplify the task of analyzing changes in program texts. The functionality is based on dynamic control of the comparison process, during which the programmer can manually establish correspondences between the compared texts. The effectiveness of the proposed method is checked when updating modules in the 1C:Enterprise system.

On the Possibility of Using the Chemometric (Discriminant) Method of Analysis in the Comparative Study of Heroin

The paper aimed to ascertain the possibility of using the chemometric (discriminant) method when analyzing the results of mid-range IR spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for a comparative study of heroin to establish a common source of origin. The advantage of this method of comparative research in comparison to the existing ones is the reduction in the time for obtaining the result, the clarity and automation of the comparison process, which is essential for the comparative study of a large number of objects and the keeping of the corresponding type of forensic accounting. The paper shows that the results obtained by chemometric processing of data from two non-correlating analysis methods (IR spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) coincided.

Sources of confidence in value-based choice

"Which meal would you like, chicken or pasta? Chicken please. ...hmmm not sure. No sorry, I prefer pasta". Confidence, the subjective estimate of decision quality, is an essential component of decision making. It is necessary for learning from mistakes in the absence of immediate feedback and guiding future actions. Despite its importance, it remains unclear where confidence judgments originate from, especially for decisions that rely on individual subjective values and preferences. Here, we devised a behavioural paradigm and a computational framework that allowed us to formally tease apart the sources of confidence in value-based decisions. In line with canonical decision theories, we found that trial-to-trial fluctuations in the precision of value encoding impact economic choice consistency. Surprisingly, however, and contrary to canonical theories of confidence, this uncertainty has no influence on confidence reports. Instead, we find that confidence reflects the degree of balance and cognitive effort with which the choice alternatives have been compared. Specifically, we show that confidence emerges from endogenous attentional effort towards choice alternatives and down-stream noise in the comparison process. These findings caution a direct translation of canonical frameworks of confidence based on perceptual decision behavior into the value-based choice domain. In addition our computational framework provides an explanation for confidence miss-attributions in economic behaviour and reveals the mechanistic interplay of endogenous attentional states and subjective value for guiding decisions and metacognitive awareness.

Perbandingan nilai rata rata kelas 2 Angkatan pd mahasiswa Keperawatan

This paper presents a fact about the Class Average of Two Generations ( 2011 and 2012 generations). It consists of five classes, includes Extension, A, B, C, and D. But the writer would like to analyze one class only, namely D class. Because the average class data stated, there is a drastic increasing point. To achieve the credibility of this research, the researcher uses average class data from another generation. So, the writer does the comparison process between 2011 and 2012 generations. Finally, through this paper, we can prove that some factors influenced the class average of two generations from D classes on nursing students at the Moluccas Christian University of Indonesia. Shortly, we can conclude that the D class of the 2012 generation has a higher class average point than the 2011 generation.

Comparisons Inform Me Who I Am: A General Comparative-Processing Model of Self-Perception

People’s self-concept contributes to their sense of identity over time. Yet self-perception is motivated and serves survival and thus does not reflect stable inner states or accurate biographical accounts. Research indicates that different types of comparison standards act as reference frames in evaluating attributes that constitute the self. However, the role of comparisons in self-perception has been underestimated, arguably because of lack of a guiding framework that takes into account relevant aspects of comparison processes and their interdependence. I propose a general comparative model of self-perception that consists of a basic comparison process involving the individual’s prior mental representation of the target dimension, the construal of the comparison standard, and the comparison outcome representing the posterior representation of the target dimension. The generated dimensional construal is then appraised with respect to one’s motives and controllability and goes on to shape emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses. Contextual and personal factors influence the comparison process. This model may be informative in better understanding comparison processes in people’s everyday lives and their role in shaping self-perception and in designing interventions to assist people overcome undesirable consequences of comparative behavior.