Hospital Responsibilities to the General Public

1981 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 5-7
Author(s):  
Jane Greenlaw
Keyword(s):  
General Public ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Recent Case ◽  
Level Of Care ◽  
Appeals Court

What is the responsibility of a hospital to protect the general public from an employee who may cause harm? Until recently, the answer to this question was simply “none“; hospitals were not seen as having any direct responsibility for the actions of employees. But this has changed, and the current trend is to hold a hospital directly responsible for the level of care received by its patients — the hospital must provide an ongoing system to monitor performance of employees as well as staff physicians.But what about acts of employees outside the hospital? Does a hospital have any obligation to anticipate when one of its employees poses a threat not on the job? This was the question addressed in a recent case before a California appeals court.

which may fairly be considered as a representation that matters have already been so arranged that on completion of the issue, the corporate structure can be made to conform with the description given. But the great question in this area has to do with the price. In a sense, no disclosure can be either complete or accurate, since the pon­ derables and imponderables all combine into one picture, not suscep­ tible of being accurately reduced to words. The estimate of all the facts, important and unimportant, salient and obscure, demonstrable and otherwise, finds a summation in the banker’s own appraisal of the worth of the security, which is, of course, embodied in the price at which he offers it. Can it be said that the price is a representation of value? If a banker offered stock at $100 per share when in fact it is worth less when appraised by the market standards of the day, has he told a lie with intent to deceive? On this the law is still in the making; but there is some reason to believe that the result will hold the banker to some accountability in this regard. The law has always made a distinction between a sale by one purporting to be an expert in the value of the thing sold and sales made by a mere outsider. Thus, if a passerby finds a jewel and offers it for sale at $1,000 as and for a diamond but claiming no special knowledge of it, he is not held to have represented that he knew its value to be that of the price asked. Tiffany doing the same thing, would probably be dealt with under a different rule; as an expert in jewels, that house offering a jewel for sale as a diamond and for a thousand dollars would impliedly at least represent that they knew it to be a diamond and that its value was in the vicinity of the price asked. A banker is an expert in se­ curities and presumably an expert in the security offered; falling in this respect more nearly in line with Tiffany than with the bystander. In at least one recent case, it was held that a syndicate who recom­ mended the purchase of securities at a price on the ground that they were a good investment had in fact made a representation that the securities were fairly worth the price and this proving to be false, gave rise to an action by the buyer. The trouble with this situation of course rests in the difficulty of “worth.” In a violent market, securities may be appraised by the general public as worth far more than the sounder judgment of a quieter time would apprehend. Is the banker to be guided by the standards of a speculatively crazed market, and make the appraisal accordingly? Or must he abide by the better economic judgment of his own expert staff? If the former, he may be consciously taking ad­ vantage of a temporary phase of folly; if the latter, he will find that a security offered by him at $100 is traded in tomorrow at $150, outsiders

2017 ◽  
pp. 323-344
Keyword(s):  
General Public ◽  
Recent Case ◽  
Corporate Structure ◽  
Good Investment ◽  
Special Knowledge ◽  
The Law

The Eleventh Circuit Holds that Agreements in which Pharmaceutical Companies Pay Generic Companies Not to Compete May be Valid

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-184
Author(s):  
Amy Garrigues
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Patent Holder ◽  
Trial Court ◽  
Court Of Appeals ◽  
The Us ◽  
Antitrust Laws ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Appeals Court ◽  
Two Sides

On September 15, 2003, the US. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held that agreements between pharmaceutical and generic companies not to compete are not per se unlawful if these agreements do not expand the existing exclusionary right of a patent. The Valley DrugCo.v.Geneva Pharmaceuticals decision emphasizes that the nature of a patent gives the patent holder exclusive rights, and if an agreement merely confirms that exclusivity, then it is not per se unlawful. With this holding, the appeals court reversed the decision of the trial court, which held that agreements under which competitors are paid to stay out of the market are per se violations of the antitrust laws. An examination of the Valley Drugtrial and appeals court decisions sheds light on the two sides of an emerging legal debate concerning the validity of pay-not-to-compete agreements, and more broadly, on the appropriate balance between the seemingly competing interests of patent and antitrust laws.

Nonsurgical Therapies for Hepatocellular and Cholangiocellular Carcinoma

Swiss Surgery ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 116-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Schmassmann
Keyword(s):  
Current Trend ◽  
Percutaneous Ethanol Injection ◽  
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Multidisciplinary Therapy ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Ethanol Injection ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Tumor Stages ◽  
Choice Of Treatment ◽  
Advanced Stages

Surgical resection is the first choice of treatment for patients with hepatocellular (HCC) and cholangiocellular carcinomas. Prolongation of survival is, however, the only realistic goal for most patients, which can be often achieved by nonsurgical therapies. Inoperable patients with large or multiple HCCs are usually treated with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) with lipiodol in combination with a chemotherapeutic drug and gelfoam. Three-year survival depends on the stage of the disease and is about 20%. Patients with earlier tumor stages (one or two tumor nodules less than 3cm in size) are suitable for treatment with percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) alone or in combination with TACE. Several studies have shown that in these early stages, the 3-year survival rate is approximately 55%-70% in the actively treated patients which is significantly higher than in untreated patients. In advanced stages of the disease, TACE and PEI have no effect on survival and should not be performed. Some of these patients have been successfully treated with octreotide. Patients with inoperable cholangiocellular carcinoma are treated by endoscopic or percutaneous stent placement. If stenting does not achieve adequate biliary drainage, multidisciplinary therapy including internal / external radiotherapy or photodynamic therapy should be considered in patients with potential long-term survival. In conclusion, nonresectional therapies play an essential role in the therapy of inoperable hepato- and cholangiocellular carcinomas as they lead to satisfactory survival. Multidisciplinary therapy appears to be the current trend of management.

ANALYSIS OF PLANT FRAGARIA XANANASSA DISEASE DIAGNOSES USING PRODUCTION RULES BASE ON EXPERT SYSTEM

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Basiroh Basiroh ◽  
Wiji Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
General Public ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Proper Treatment ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Production Rules

Errors that occur in solving problems in strawberry plants (Fragaria Xananassa) such as the presence of leaf patches, fruit rot, perforated leaves, and insect pests can be the cause of not maximum in harvest time. The farmers and the general public who planted strawberry (Fragaria Xananassa) need to know the proper treatment of diseases and pests so that future yields as expected. Therefore, it takes an application as a solution in the delivery of information related to the problems that are often encountered in strawberry plants (Fragaria Xananassa). Methods of production rules can be used to diagnose the disease strawberry (Fragaria Xananassa) based on signs or symptoms that occur in the parts of plants and strawberry, the results of diagnosis using this method are the same as we do Consultation on experts.  The purpose of this study was to determine the early diagnosis of disease in strawberry plants (Fragaria Xananassa) based on signs or symptoms that occur in the plant and fruit parts. The results of the analysis of this study showed that the validation of disease and symptom data in strawberry plants (Fragaria Xananassa) reached 99%, meaning that between the data of symptoms and disease understudy the accuracy was guaranteed with the experts.

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