Economic Policy-Making in China: Summer 1981

1982 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 165-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Oksenberg
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Chinese Policy ◽  
New System ◽  
The Cultural Revolution

More than five years have passed since Mao's death and the arrest of his principal surviving supporters who helped launch and wage the Cultural Revolution. Since 1976 and particularly since late 1978, a major effort has been made to reform the Chinese policy process at the higher levels, especially in the economic realm. Drawing on impressions gained from interviews with Chinese officials in the summer of 1981, as well as a reading of the Chinese press, this article assesses the progress of the reforms. To what extent and in what direction has economic policy making evolved since 1976? What of the Maoist system remains? Further, what are the strengths and deficiencies of the new system? Does the policy process in the economic realm seem capable of directing the substantive economic reforms which the leaders have in mind? These are the questions explored in this article.

The Chinese Army after the Cultural Revolution: the Effects of Intervention

1973 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 450-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellis Joffe
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Power Structure ◽  
The Political ◽  
Short Term ◽  
People's Liberation Army ◽  
People’S Liberation Army ◽  
The Cultural Revolution

Whatever may have been the objectives of the principal participants in the Cultural Revolution, there can be little doubt that they did not include what turned out to be, at least in the short term, the most striking and significant outcome of the upheaval: the rise of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) to a pivotal position in China's power structure. Compelled to intervene in the political process when the disruptive effects of the struggle reached dangerous dimensions, the army gradually ascended to the commanding heights of political power in the provinces, and acquired a substantial voice in the policy-making councils of Peking. When the Ninth Congress of the Party finally met in April 1969 to write the epilogue to the Cultural Revolution, it was the PLA rather than the Party that held most of the key positions of power in China.

Economic Reforms and Social Justice in India

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-210
Author(s):  
Kalpana C Satija
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Economic Advantage ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Policy Makers

If one traces the changes in India's economic policies over the last five decades, they bear the imprint of changing geopolitical dynamics. While India's policy makers often couch their agendas in ideological terms, in reality the economy has been steered by the ruling elite to their economic advantage. Therefore, liberalization and the permissible boundaries within which a reform process will operate can be best understood if contextually examined and interpreted. This paper attempts to explain the dynamics of the economic policy process and outlines the contours of India's liberalization program

The Soviet Discourse on the Origin and Class Character of Islam, 1923-1933

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kemper
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Critical Studies ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
Totalitarian State ◽  
The Cultural Revolution

AbstractThe article examines the growing radicalization of the Marxist anti-Islamic discourse in the USSR as a case-study of "Soviet Orientalism". To which of Marx's five socio-economic formations should Muslim society be assigned? During the relatively pluralistic period of the New Economic Policy (1921-1927) Marxist scholars offered various answers. Many argued that Islam emerged from the trading community of Mecca and was trade-capitalist by nature (M. Reisner, E. Beliaev, L. Klimovich). Others held that Islam reflected the interests of the agriculturalists of Medina (M. Tomara), or of the Bedouin nomads (V. Ditiakin, S. Asfendiarov); and some even detected communist elements in Islam (Z. and D. Navshirvanov). All authors found support in the Qur'ān and works of Western Orientalists. By the late 1920s Marx' and Engels' scattered statements on Islam became central in the discourse, and in 1930 Liutsian Klimovich rejected the Qur'ān altogether by arguing that the book, as well as Muhammad himself, were mere inventions of later times. By the end of the Cultural Revolution (1929-1931) it was finally "established" that Islam was "feudal" in character, and critical studies of Islam became impossible for decades. The "feudal" interpretation legitimized the Soviet attack on Islam and Muslim societies at that time; but also many of the Marxist writers on Islam perished in Stalin's Terror. We suggest that the harsh polemics the authors directed against each other in the discourse contributed to their later repression. By lending itself to the interests of the totalitarian state, Soviet Marxist Islamology committed suicide—the ultimate form of "Orientalism".

scholarly journals The Silent Revolution: Decollectivization from Below during the Cultural Revolution

2016 ◽  
Vol 227 ◽  
pp. 796-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Dikötter
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Deng Xiaoping ◽  
Planned Economy ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The People ◽  
Silent Revolution ◽  
The Cultural Revolution

AbstractThis article uses fresh archival evidence to point at a rarely noticed phenomenon, namely the undermining of the planned economy by a myriad of dispersed acts of resistance during the last years of the Cultural Revolution. Villagers reconnected with the market in some of the poorest places in the hinterland as well as in better-off regions along the coast. This silent, structural revolution often involved the quiet acquiescence, if not active cooperation, of local cadres. In conclusion, the article suggests that if there was an architect of economic reforms, it was the people and not Deng Xiaoping: as with his counterparts in Central Europe and the Soviet Union, Deng had little choice but to go along with the flow.

Radical and Conventional Models of U.S. Foreign Economic Policy Making

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat McGowan ◽  
Stephen G. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Foreign Economic Policy ◽  
Policy Paradigm ◽  
Conventional Models

Two radical models of economic foreign policy making are summarized: instrumentalist and structuralist. By means of an issue-based policy paradigm, the views of several leading conventional scholars are described. The contrasting radical and conventional models are shown to be related—radicals providing useful insights into the setting of policy and conventional scholars being strongest regarding the policy process. Cautious synthesis is recommended to students of U.S. foreign economic policy making.

The "New Era" in China's Educational Revolution

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Hu
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Chinese Education ◽  
New Era ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
New System ◽  
The Cultural Revolution

Having derived lessons from the chaos of the Cultural Revolution, Chinese leaders are now in the midst of creating a new system of education under the aegis of a "New Era."The following account presents C. T. Hu's observations of recent developments in Chinese education, its themes and sources of tensions, as well as its potential for fostering an atmosphere of stability and unity.

Positive Reintegration as a Way of Small and Medium-Sized Business Development

2012 ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
A. Zolotov ◽  
M. Mukhanov
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Alternative Possibility ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Compensation Mechanisms ◽  
Policy Making Process ◽  
Monitoring And Enforcement ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Modernization Process

А new approach to policy-making in the field of economic reforms in modernizing countries (on the sample of SME promotion) is the subject of this article. Based on summarizing the ten-year experience of de-bureaucratization policy implementation to reduce the administrative pressure on SME, the conclusion of its insufficient efficiency and sustainability is made. The alternative possibility is the positive reintegration approach, which provides multiparty policy-making process, special compensation mechanisms for the losing sides, monitoring and enforcement operations. In conclusion matching between positive reintegration principles and socio-cultural factors inherent in modernization process is provided.

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