Ubezpieczenia ustawowe w PRL jako instytucja ubezpieczeń w gospodarce centralnie planowanej

The article concerns the issue of compulsory insurance known in the period of the Polish People’s Republic, which was created by the law itself — the so-called statutory insurance. The basic methods used are the legal-dogmatic method and the descriptive method, the study of legal literature, and the analysis of legal acts and jurisprudence, mostly of a historical nature. Statutory insurance functioned from the 1950s until the end of the 1980s in a centrally planned economy, being specific to the so-called socialist insurance. The insurance relationship concluded by the operation of law could exist in a monopoly situation — in the different categories of insurance there was only one state insurer. In the literature and jurisprudence of the time, the statutory insurance relationship was usually classified as a civil law relationship. Such an assessment, however, raises doubts due to the number of public-law elements occurring in this type of insurance. Statutory insurance was an artificial insurance element, serving fiscal purposes.

Problem zamówień publicznych w PRL

The article characterises selected legal solutions applied in the process of public contract award in the realities of the nationalised centrally-planned economy in the times of the Polish People’s Republic. In the study, manifestations of discrimination of private businesses in the access to public contracts are presented. Such discrimination was one of the foundations for the legislation applicable at the time. The article also highlights other features of legal acts of statutory rank governing contracts awarded by state-owned organisational units, such as the fragmented nature of their regulations, including the omission of regulations governing the procedure of reaching an agreement and executing a contract. This allowed formulating conclusions about the merely superficial role of the provisions on supplies, services, and works for state entities and the fundamental inability of these regulations to play the role attributed to public procurement in the market economy, consisting in deploying the mechanism of competition between entrepreneurs for cost-efficiencies in public spending.

Entrepreneurship and Decentralised Investment in a Planned Economy

Since the 1980s, authors of the Austrian School have argued that the problem of rational allocation in a planned economy is not computational or technical in nature (static optimisation, with given information) but a question of dynamic efficiency (innovation and the creation of new information), and that this would be impossible without market processes and free entrepreneurship. In this article, we argue to the contrary that a planned economy can effectively drive dynamic efficiency. We first reveal that the Austrian thesis on the impossibility of dynamic efficiency in socialist planning is based on tautological arguments, or on problems already solved by technological development. Secondly, we present an institutional formula for promoting innovative activities and entrepreneurship within a framework of social ownership of the means of production and social control of investment.

From Mises and Hayek to the Planned and Mixed Economy. Planning Criteria, Basic Income, Guaranteed Job

Arguments of Mises and Hayek, who opposed the planned economy (PE), are used in the paper as a starting point for establishing the objective area of effective application of the PE. The abstract model of PE, based on the definitions of Mises and Hayek, leads to the conclusion that for the effective use of PE, it must be a part of mixed economy and it must produce a limited amount of essential goods of irreducible demand. These goods must be distributed among all members of society free of charge, evenly, without competition. Examples of a mixed economy are given that meet this requirement. Calculations of the personal benefit in the transition to a mixed model of the economy have been carried out. The positive and negative qualities of the planned and market methods of organization are considered. Mixed economy model combines these qualities in optimal construction. An analytical framework has been introduced for the construction of product characterization curves. Such curves provide criteria for determining the efficiency of manufacturing of this product in a planned economy. The general economic prerequisites for the usability of the PE are clarified. The applicability and advantages of the PE for the organization of the universal basic income (UBI) system are demonstrated. The possibility of using PE to solve the problem of guaranteed employment is mentioned.

Analysis of provided financial support to the least developed districts with regard on situation on labour market

Regional differences are one of the most visible problems of the Slovak economy. Although they emerged in the time of the centrally planned economy before 1989, the successful transformation into a market-oriented economy could not eliminate them. The differences between the regions in the west and east of Slovakia are visible in all measurable indicators. The registered unemployment rate is one of the indicators that is most often used to express disparities between the western and eastern regions of the country. Also with regard to its reduction, a law was created on the support of the least developed districts. Based on it, a given group of districts is allowed to draw funds on terms that are more favourable. The following article analyses the impact of the provided financial funds on the labour market in the least developed districts.

FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NORTH OSSETIA IN 1930-1970S.

В статье речь идет об основных тенденциях финансово-экономического развития Северной Осетии в 30—70-е гг. XX в. в условиях планового хозяйства. Прослежена ди­намика этого процесса в общем хозяйственно-экономическом контексте СССР, обо­значены проблемы в финансово-бюджетной сфере и показаны наиболее значимые ре­зультаты, достигнутые республикой в основных отраслях народного хозяйства. При­водятся данные о мерах по укреплению союзного и республиканского бюджетов, в числе которых – деятельность системы органов партийно-государственного контроля по выявлению финансовых нарушений и неоправданных трат. Основными механизмами пополнения бюджетов оставались интенсификация производства за счет повышения производительности труда и экстенсивное развитие производственного потенциа­ла с одновременным усилением административного воздействия со стороны партий­но-советских органов. В целом бюджетная система Северной Осетии эволюциони­ровала в соответствии с задачами хозяйственно-экономического развития СССР: в предвоенное десятилетие – мобилизация накоплений социалистической экономики на выполнение плана индустриализации и коллективизации сельского хозяйства, в годы войны – на оборонные нужды, в послевоенный период – на восстановление и дальнейшее развитие народного хозяйства, в годы «оттепели» – на поддержание достигнутых результатов с ориентацией на социальную сферу, а затем – на преодоление противо­речий между необходимостью модернизации плановой экономики и государственной монополии на основные стоимостные механизмы. Отдельное внимание уделено руко­водителям финансового ведомства Северной Осетии в указанный период. The article deals with the main trends in the financial and economic development of North Ossetia in the 30-70s of 20th century under the conditions of a planned economy. The dynamics of this process in the general economic context of the USSR is traced, problems in the financial and budgetary sphere are identified, and the most significant results achieved by the republic in the main sectors of the national economy are shown. The article provides data on measures to strengthen the union and republican budgets, including the activities of the system of party-state control institutions to identify financial violations and unjustified spending. The main mechanisms for replenishing the budgets remained the intensification of production by increasing labor productivity and the extensive development of production potential with a simultaneous increase in the administrative influence of the party and Soviet organizations. In general, the budgetary system of North Ossetia has evolved in accordance with the tasks of the economic development of the USSR: in the pre-war decade – the mobilization of the accumulations of the socialist economy to fulfill the plan of industrialization and collectivization of agriculture, during the war years – for defense needs, in the post-war period – for restoration and further development of the national economy, during the years of the “thaw” – to maintain the achieved results with a focus on the social sphere, and then – to overcome the contradictions between the need to modernize the planned economy and the state monopoly on the main cost mechanisms. Special attention is paid to the heads of the financial department of North Ossetia during this period.