scholarly journals Occult Fifth Nerve Dysfunction In Multiple Sclerosis

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Eisen ◽  
Donald Paty ◽  
Sherrill Purves ◽  
Maureen Hoirch
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Blink Reflex ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Stimulus Artefact ◽  
Nerve Dysfunction ◽  
Stimulation Of

SUMMARY:Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded following trigeminal nerve stimulation in 25 normal subjects. Mucosal stimulation of the lip resulted in a reduced stimulus artefact. The three initial peaks, N13, P19, and N30, measured respectively 12.8 ± 0.9 S−3, 19.3 ± 1.4 S−3 and 28.6 ± 1.7 S−3. Blink reflex studies were also performed in most of these subjects. In 41.4% of 29 patients with established or suspected multiple sclerosis, the trigeminal SEP was abnormal. Additional use of the blink reflex raised the overall incidence of trigeminal nerve dysfunction to 51.7%. None of the patients had clinical evidence of fifth nerve involvement either historically or on examination. Four of seven patients with progressive spinal MS and two patients whose only deficit was that of optic neuritis, had abnormal trigeminal SEPs. It is concluded that occult involvement of the pontine fifth nerve structures occurs frequently in MS despite the rarity of corresponding clinical findings. The trigeminal SEP is a useful additional neurophysiological method.

Transcutaneous trigeminal nerve stimulation induces a long-term depression-like plasticity of the human blink reflex

2015 ◽  
Vol 234 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Pilurzi ◽  
Beniamina Mercante ◽  
Francesca Ginatempo ◽  
Paolo Follesa ◽  
Eusebio Tolu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Blink Reflex ◽  
Long Term Depression ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation

Reliability of the nociceptive blink reflex evoked by electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nerve in humans

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2453-2463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Martins Costa ◽  
Lene Baad-Hansen ◽  
Leonardo Rigoldi Bonjardim ◽  
Paulo César Rodrigues Conti ◽  
Peter Svensson
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Blink Reflex ◽  
Nociceptive Blink Reflex ◽  
Stimulation Of

Rationale for electrical parameter determination in external trigeminal nerve stimulation (eTNS) for migraine: A narrative review

Cephalalgia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 750-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clinton G Lauritsen ◽  
Stephen D Silberstein
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Food And Drug Administration ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Migraine Treatment ◽  
Electrical Parameters ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Pain Pathways ◽  
Stimulation Of

Background Migraine is a primary headache disorder involving dysregulation of central and peripheral pain pathways. Medical treatment is often limited by drug side effects, comorbidities and poor compliance. This makes neuromodulation an ideal option for migraine treatment. Cefaly® is a transcutaneous electrical neurostimulator designed specifically for migraine treatment. It results in external trigeminal nerve stimulation of the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves. External trigeminal nerve stimulation is effective for acute and preventive migraine treatment and may result in normalization of dysregulated pain pathways. Objective Our objective was to provide a narrative review of the neuroanatomical and pathophysiological basis of external trigeminal nerve stimulation for migraine treatment and to provide the rationale behind the choice of the electrical parameters used for external trigeminal nerve stimulation. Methods We reviewed external trigeminal nerve stimulation clinical trial publications, basic science neurostimulation literature, publications describing pathophysiological mechanisms in migraine, and documentation used in the application for the Food and Drug Administration approval of external trigeminal nerve stimulation. Results The electrical parameters used for external trigeminal nerve stimulation were chosen to maximize safety and efficacy. Critical parameters include generator characteristics, pulse shape, pulse duration, pulse frequency and session duration and frequency. We explain the rationale behind determination of each parameter. There is evidence of dysregulated central and peripheral pathways in migraine and evidence that external trigeminal nerve stimulation may normalize function of these pathways. Conclusion External trigeminal nerve stimulation is a safe and effective Food and Drug Administration-approved option for the acute and preventive treatment of migraine. The electrical parameters were optimized specifically for external stimulation of the trigeminal nerve to maximum safety, comfort and efficacy.

Effects of Caffeine on the Trigeminal Blink Reflex

2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 493-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward J. Schicatano
Keyword(s):  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Acoustic Startle ◽  
Startle Reflex ◽  
Blink Reflex ◽  
Psychomotor Effects ◽  
Brainstem Reflex ◽  
Decaffeinated Coffee ◽  
Reflex Blinks ◽  
Caffeinated Coffee ◽  
Stimulation Of

The acoustic startle and trigeminal blink reflexes share the same motor output. Since caffeine has been shown to augment the startle reflex, it was proposed that caffeine would also increase the trigeminal blink reflex. In 6 humans, the effects of caffeine (100 mg) on the trigeminal blink reflex were investigated. Reflex blinks were elicited by stimulation of the supraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve. Following ingestion of caffeinated coffee, reflex blinks increased in amplitude and duration and occurred at a shorter latency than reflex blinks following ingestion of decaffeinated coffee. Since the blink reflex is a brainstem reflex, these results suggest that the psychomotor effects of caffeine facilitate brainstem processing.

scholarly journals Transcutaneous trigeminal nerve stimulation modulates the hand blink reflex

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beniamina Mercante ◽  
Nicola Loi ◽  
Francesca Ginatempo ◽  
Monica Biggio ◽  
Andrea Manca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Median Nerve ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Blink Reflex ◽  
Infraorbital Nerve ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Median Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Face

AbstractThe hand-blink reflex (HBR) is a subcortical response, elicited by the electrical stimulation of the median nerve, whose magnitude is specifically modulated according to the spatial properties of the defensive peripersonal space (DPPS) of the face. For these reasons, the HBR is commonly used as a model to assess the DPPS of the face. Little is known on the effects induced by the activation of cutaneous afferents from the face on the DPPS of the face. Therefore, we tested the effect of non-painful transcutaneous trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) on the amplitude of the HBR. Fifteen healthy participants underwent HBR recording before and after 20 min of sham- and real-TNS delivered bilaterally to the infraorbital nerve in two separate sessions. The HBR was recorded bilaterally from the orbicularis oculi muscles, following non-painful median nerve stimulation at the wrist. The HBR amplitude was assessed in the “hand‐far” and “hand‐near” conditions, relative to the hand position in respect to the face. The amplitudes of the hand-far and hand-near HBR were measured bilaterally before and after sham- and real-TNS. Real-TNS significantly reduced the magnitude of the HBR, while sham-TNS had no significant effect. The inhibitory effect of TNS was of similar extent on both the hand-far and hand-near components of the HBR, which suggests an action exerted mainly at brainstem level.

Brainstem Dysfunction in Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood

Cephalalgia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 511-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Rinalduzzi ◽  
M Valeriani ◽  
F Vigevano
Keyword(s):  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Blink Reflex ◽  
Conduction Time ◽  
System Function ◽  
Alternating Hemiplegia Of Childhood ◽  
Brainstem Dysfunction ◽  
Stimulation Of

Six patients with alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) underwent motor evoked potentials (MEPs), somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and blink reflex recording. No SEP abnormality was found. As for MEP recording, central conduction time did not differ between patients studied during either interictal or ictal phase, and normal subjects, suggesting that the pyramidal system function is spared. In blink reflex recording, the latencies of both the ipsilateral (iR2) and contralateral (cR2) R2 components were significantly longer ( P < 0.01) in patients during the interictal phase than in normal subjects. Moreover, the iR2 and cR2 areas were significantly reduced ( P < 0.01) in patients during the interictal phase, compared with normal subjects. During the ictal phase, the ipsilateral R2 latency was significantly decreased after stimulation of the hemiplegic side, compared with the interictal phase ( P < 0.05). The blink reflex abnormalities suggest a brainstem dysfunction, which may be linked to the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease.

Clinical and electrophysiological studies on sensory conduction mediated by the accessory rootlets of the human trigeminal nerve

1975 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 513-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adolfo Ley ◽  
Luis Montserrat ◽  
Fernando Bacci ◽  
Adolfo Ley
Keyword(s):  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Blink Reflex ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sensory Conduction ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies ◽  
Sensory Fibers ◽  
Sensory Root ◽  
Fine Print ◽  
Stimulation Of

✓ The authors present records of potentials evoked in the roots of the trigeminal nerve by stimulation of its cutaneous branches. Records were made during nine operations for tic douloureux in which the main sensory root of the trigeminal nerve was totally sectioned under the microscope by the transcerebellar route. In every case, the accessory (aberrant) and motor roots were easily identified and spared. Records before and after total main sensory root division showed persistence of evoked potentials in the aberrant and motor fibers. Partial preservation of sensation and blink reflex in these cases reinforced the impression that there is somatic sensory conduction through true aberrant sensory fibers running between the motor and main sensory roots.

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