I–Airborne Doppler Equipment

1958 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Beck
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
Relative Velocity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Operational Experience ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Relative Movement ◽  
Wave Source ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Doppler Effect ◽  
Frequency Changes

When there is relative movement between an observer and a wave source the observed frequency changes by an amount depending on the relative velocity. This is the doppler effect, and it has been realized for a number of years that it might be the means of measuring the speed of an aircraft over the ground, using radio waves transmitted obliquely and received again at the aircraft after being scattered at the surface of the Earth. By 1937 radio techniques had developed so far that letters patent were granted for systems which then appeared to be practical. A number of severe problems remained, however, and not until the close of the war did development programmes to resolve these problems make headway. Since that time equipments have been successfully produced, both here and in the United States of America, and sufficient operational experience has been gained for the value of the process as an aid to navigation to be assessed.

scholarly journals Women in war work, 1914-1918

1919 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mary Louise Reid Brown
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hard Work ◽  
Popular Belief ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Women In War ◽  
Conditions Of Work

Contrary to the popular belief that women in factories are doing men's work, are the facts which are brought to light as the conditions of work when the factory system was established in the United States of America. It is incontestible that when the factory system was first established women were urged to go into factories. Men were engaged in agriculture and the "Friends of Industry" replied to those citizens who declared that manufactures would ruin agriculture that "not one fourth of the employees in manufacture were able-bodied men fit for famring." Economic gains were at first used as an arguement. Gallatin in 1831 "concluded that the surplus product obtained by the employment of owmen in a single cotton mill of 200 employees was $14,000 annually." Another writer in the "Boston Centinel" said "that machinery enables women and children who are unable to cultivate the earth to make us indepdent of foreign supplies." This entrance of women into factories was not a hardhsip because women had done much of the hard work of spinning and weaving in the homes, and later the famer's daughter had worked in the "manufcatures."

Small error—Big confusion: The deep understanding of the Doppler effect

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 418-421
Author(s):  
Shukri Klinaku
Keyword(s):  
Doppler Effect ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Relative Velocity ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Small Error ◽  
Wave Source ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Doppler Effect

Up to date, physics has neglected the crucial role of the relative velocity in the Doppler Effect. This is a small error in appearance, but it brings big problems to all of physics. Observed frequency is dependent only on the relative velocity between wavefronts and the wave source/observer. This new approach to the Doppler Effect finds application in all kinds of fields, when the source (observer) is moving.

An analysis of tidal strain observations from the United States of America: I. The laterally homogeneous tide

1975 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1613-1629
Author(s):  
Christopher Beaumont ◽  
Jon Berger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Ocean Tide ◽  
Earth Model ◽  
Ocean Tide Loading ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Love Numbers ◽  
Tidal Loading

abstract Tidal strain observations from seven observatories in the continental United States have been analyzed and the results compared with the tide predicted for a radially stratified earth model. Included in the predicted tide are the effects of ocean-tide loading for all of the major oceans. We find that on average the load strains contribute 44 per cent of the total M2 tidal strain and 13 per cent of the total O1 tidal strain. The differences between the predictions of the radially stratified earth model and the observations are significant. We conclude that: (1) Love numbers deduced from most strain observations are not representative of average earth properties. (2) The phase of the areal strain is neither independent of the tidal loading nor of the local geological structure. Hence, to use such phase observations as a measure of the anelastic properties of the Earth is incorrect.

scholarly journals The importance of wilderness landscape Analysis in development planning schemes for national parks, with special reference to the Mountain Zebra National Park

Koedoe ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Van Riet
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
National Parks ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
National Park ◽  
The United States ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Wilderness Act ◽  
Definition Of

Definition of the Concept "Wilderness"The Wilderness Act of September 1964, of the United States of America, states that "... wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate the landscape, is hereby recognised as an area where the earth and its community of life are not influenced by man and where man himself is a visitor who does not remain55 (Nash 1967). The Act also states that a wilderness "... must retain its primeval character and influence and that it must be protected and managed in such a way that it appears to have been effected primarily by the forces of nature.”

scholarly journals The Measurement of Thickness and Velocity of Our Galaxy

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Jihao Yu
Keyword(s):  
Radio Astronomy ◽  
Doppler Effect ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Thickness Measurement ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Efficient Tool ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
The Doppler Effect ◽  
Measurement Of Thickness

Many of the ancient astronomers have emerged and made great progress in the measuring the scale and motion of our galaxy. With rapidly developed technology, we have a more ambitious goal for putting our eyesight out of the Earth. The radius of our galaxy can be easily detected via the observation of Doppler effect. The motion of our galaxy, and the thickness of the galactic plan, however, would be relatively difficult, either because what we want to know is not stable, or because no direct evidence helps. Now with the help of radio astronomy, the most efficient tool on astronomical measuring, we are able to find out how thick our galaxy really is. Here this paper includes the method of measuring the thickness of our galaxy via the using of radio astronomy and the Doppler effect. The whole measuring is based on an 18-meter telescope which receives only radio waves with its wavelength as 21cm. 21cm is the wavelength of the radiation released while interaction between the nuclei and the electron occurs. The signal is very useful for detecting matter in space. Since diffraction is unavoidable when receiving signals on the big disk, we used the measuring of FWHM (Full width at Half Maximum) to find out the real width of the signal in the thickness measurement part when the signal is supposed to be uniformly distributed in a special range, which indicates our galactic thickness. Although we have given out a relatively precise answer at the end, unknown factors, such as the idea of precise border of our galaxy, still has a great impact on it that we could not solve. So the result, especially the thickness measuring, provides a method to measure the structure and scale of our galaxy via radio astronomy generally.

Thinking About Scots Law

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Rodger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
British Empire ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Memorial Lecture ◽  
University Of Edinburgh ◽  
The University

This article is the revised text of the first W A Wilson Memorial Lecture, given in the Playfair Library, Old College, in the University of Edinburgh, on 17 May 1995. It considers various visions of Scots law as a whole, arguing that it is now a system based as much upon case law and precedent as upon principle, and that its departure from the Civilian tradition in the nineteenth century was part of a general European trend. An additional factor shaping the attitudes of Scots lawyers from the later nineteenth century on was a tendency to see themselves as part of a larger Englishspeaking family of lawyers within the British Empire and the United States of America.

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