Why is There This Urge to Pass ‘Close To’?

1999 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-299
Author(s):  
A. T. C. Millns
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Potential Problem ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Open Design ◽  
Radio Detection ◽  
The World ◽  
Cathode Ray Tube ◽  
Second World ◽  
Position Indicator

One of the first occasions that navigators became aware of the potential problem generated by the (then) recently-invented radar, was the so-called radar-assisted collision which occurred outside of New York between the Stockholm and the Andrea Doria in 1956. Forty-seven lives were lost in the Andrea Doria and five on the Stockholm.Radar (Radio Detection And Range) had been invented and began its sea service during the Second World War. Its use had been, as its name implied, to give initial warning of, and the range of, another vessel on a simple Cathode Ray Tube. As the system was enhanced and the Plan Position Indicator (PPI) style of display came into prominence, complete stretches of the coastline were shown. Its usage was enhanced so that ships began to be navigated by radar. However, the navigator himself was still very much in touch with the natural elements, through the very open design of the bridge at that time.Following the Stockholm/Andrea Doria tragedy, navigators came to terms with the fact that their PPI view of the world was a relative one rather than the actual world. Plotting the observations became the norm.

Squatting: The Fight for Decent Shelter, 1970s–1980s

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-50
Author(s):  
John Marsland
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Housing Policies ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
Housing Needs ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

During the twenty years after the Second World War, housing began to be seen as a basic right among many in the west, and the British welfare state included many policies and provisions to provide decent shelter for its citizens. This article focuses on the period circa 1968–85, because this was a time in England when the lack of affordable, secure-tenured housing reached a crisis level at the same time that central and local governmental housing policies received wider scrutiny for their ineffectiveness. My argument is that despite post-war laws and rhetoric, many Britons lived through a housing disaster and for many the most rational way they could solve their housing needs was to exploit loopholes in the law (as well as to break them out right). While the main focus of the article is on young British squatters, there is scope for transnational comparison. Squatters in other parts of the world looked to their example to address the housing needs in their own countries, especially as privatization of public services spread globally in the 1980s and 1990s. Dutch, Spanish, German and American squatters were involved in a symbiotic exchange of ideas and sometimes people with the British squatters and each other, and practices and rhetoric from one place were quickly adopted or rejected based on the success or failure in each place.

Book Reviews

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 97-121
Author(s):  
Thomas Klikauer ◽  
Norman Simms ◽  
Helge F. Jani ◽  
Bob Beatty ◽  
Nicholas Lokker
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
European Union ◽  
Second World War ◽  
First Century ◽  
New Right ◽  
Academic Press ◽  
The European Union ◽  
World War ◽  
Second World

Jay Julian Rosellini, The German New Right: AfD, PEGIDA and the Re-imagining of National Identity (London: C. Hurst, 2019).Simon Bulmer and William E. Paterson, Germany and the European Union: Europe’s Reluctant Hegemon? (London: Red Globe Press, 2019).Susan Neiman, Learning from the Germans: Race and the Memory of Evil (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019).Stephan Jaeger, The Second World War in the Twenty-First-Century Museum: From Narrative, Memory, and Experience to Experientiality (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020).Robert M. Jarvis, Gambling under the Swastika: Casinos, Horse Racing, Lotteries, and Other Forms of Betting in Nazi Germany (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2019).

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