scholarly journals Roe deer as sentinels for endemicity of tick-borne encephalitis virus

1995 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-J. Gerth ◽  
D. Grimshandl ◽  
B. Stage ◽  
G. Döller ◽  
C. Kunz
Keyword(s):  
Roe Deer ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Antibody Prevalence ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Natural Foci ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Tbev Infection

SummaryThe suitability of serological surveys of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in determining the spread of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was tested in a south German area with a low risk of TBEV infection to humans. Sera obtained from 192 hunted roe were screened by an haemagglutination–inhibition test (HAI) and in an ELISA developed in our laboratory. Those found positive were tested in a neutralization test (NT). Fifty (26·0%) sera reacted positive by ELISA and 43 (86·0%) of these were confirmed by HAI or NT. Forty-seven (24·5%) samples were positive by HAI, 44 (93·6%) of which were also positive in NT or ELISA. Only insignificant increase of the antibody prevalence with age (P = 0·17 for HAI antibodies) suggests that most infections occur at an early age in scattered natural foci. The antibody prevalence in females was lower than in males (OR = 0·63; P = 0·02 for HAI antibodies). In determining the distribution of seropositive roe we increased the sample size to 235 sera. No antibodies were detected in 56 (23·8%) sera collected in the eastern third of the county. The areas of high antibody prevalence in roe match those in which humans have been infected. We conclude that serosurveys of roe deer are useful in marking out areas in which humans face the risk of infection, provided that an adequate number of sera, preferably from males, is available.

Tick burden on European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from Saxony, Germany, and detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus in attached ticks

2020 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 1387-1392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Król ◽  
Lidia Chitimia-Dobler ◽  
Gerhard Dobler ◽  
Yauhen Karliuk ◽  
Stefan Birka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Roe Deer ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Tick Burden

scholarly journals Infection and injury of human astrocytes by tick-borne encephalitis virus

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. 2411-2426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Palus ◽  
Tomáš Bílý ◽  
Jana Elsterová ◽  
Helena Langhansová ◽  
Jiří Salát ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Interferon Α ◽  
Human Astrocytes ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Tbev Infection ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a disease caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), represents the most important flaviviral neural infection in Europe and north-eastern Asia. In the central nervous system (CNS), neurons are the primary target for TBEV infection; however, infection of non-neuronal CNS cells, such as astrocytes, is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the interaction between TBEV and primary human astrocytes. We report for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that primary human astrocytes are sensitive to TBEV infection, although the infection did not affect their viability. The infection induced a marked increase in the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, a marker of astrocyte activation. In addition, expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and several key pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (e.g. tumour necrosis factor α, interferon α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, interferon γ-induced protein 10, macrophage inflammatory protein, but not monocyte chemotactic protein 1) was upregulated. Moreover, we present a detailed description of morphological changes in TBEV-infected cells, as investigated using three-dimensional electron tomography. Several novel ultrastructural changes were observed, including the formation of unique tubule-like structures of 17.9 ±0.15 nm diameter with associated viral particles and/or virus-induced vesicles and located in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the TBEV-infected cells. This is the first demonstration that TBEV infection activates primary human astrocytes. The infected astrocytes might be a potential source of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the TBEV-infected brain, and might contribute to the TBEV-induced neurotoxicity and blood–brain barrier breakdown that occurs during TBE. The neuropathological significance of our observations is also discussed.

scholarly journals Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus in Ticks and Roe Deer, the Netherlands

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1028-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Setareh Jahfari ◽  
Ankje de Vries ◽  
Jolianne M. Rijks ◽  
Steven Van Gucht ◽  
Harry Vennema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

scholarly journals A Functional Toll-Like Receptor 3 Gene (TLR3) May Be a Risk Factor for Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV) Infection

2011 ◽  
Vol 203 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elin Kindberg ◽  
Sirkka Vene ◽  
Aukse Mickiene ◽  
Åke Lundkvist ◽  
Lars Lindquist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Tbev Infection

scholarly journals Nucleoside Inhibitors of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 5483-5493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luděk Eyer ◽  
James J. Valdés ◽  
Victor A. Gil ◽  
Radim Nencka ◽  
Hubert Hřebabecký ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuroblastoma Cells ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Nucleoside Analogues ◽  
Kidney Cells ◽  
Porcine Kidney ◽  
Human Neuroblastoma ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Tbev Infection

ABSTRACTTick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a leading cause of human neuroinfections in Europe and Northeast Asia. There are no antiviral therapies for treating TBEV infection. A series of nucleoside analogues was tested for the ability to inhibit the replication of TBEV in porcine kidney cells and human neuroblastoma cells. The interactions of three nucleoside analogues with viral polymerase were simulated using advanced computational methods. The nucleoside analogues 7-deaza-2′-C-methyladenosine (7-deaza-2′-CMA), 2′-C-methyladenosine (2′-CMA), and 2′-C-methylcytidine (2′-CMC) inhibited TBEV replication. These compounds showed dose-dependent inhibition of TBEV-induced cytopathic effects, TBEV replication (50% effective concentrations [EC50]of 5.1 ± 0.4 μM for 7-deaza-2′-CMA, 7.1 ± 1.2 μM for 2′-CMA, and 14.2 ± 1.9 μM for 2′-CMC) and viral antigen production. Notably, 2′-CMC was relatively cytotoxic to porcine kidney cells (50% cytotoxic concentration [CC50] of ∼50 μM). The anti-TBEV effect of 2′-CMA in cell culture diminished gradually after day 3 posttreatment. 7-Deaza-2′-CMA showed no detectable cellular toxicity (CC50> 50 μM), and the antiviral effect in culture was stable for >6 days posttreatment. Computational molecular analyses revealed that compared to the other two compounds, 7-deaza-2′-CMA formed a large cluster near the active site of the TBEV polymerase. High antiviral activity and low cytotoxicity suggest that 7-deaza-2′-CMA is a promising candidate for further investigation as a potential therapeutic agent in treating TBEV infection.

scholarly journals IMMUNE INTERLAYER TO TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS IN HUMAN POPULATION OF TRANSBAIKALIA AS AN INDICATOR OF NATURAL FOCI ACTIVITY

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-340
Author(s):  
A. O. Turanov ◽  
A. Y. Nikitin ◽  
E. I. Andaev
Keyword(s):  
Human Population ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Mountain Tundra ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Taiga Forest ◽  
Natural Foci ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Mountain Taiga

Studying of immune interlayer value to tick-borne encephalitis virus in human population of the Transbaikalia Territory resulted from natural immunization of the healthy population in 31 Municipal areas in 2011–2016 is presented. Human selections were formed proportionally to the population size in the concrete human settlement among persons of the various age and professional groups living at this territory not less than 10 years and unvaccinated against tick-borne encephalitis virus. Total 4367 blood sera were investigated. Laboratory testing for antibodies of G class to tick-borne encephalitis virus in blood sera of the human population was performed by immune-enzyme analysis using a set of reagents “VektoVKE-IgG” of Joint-Stock Company “Vektor-Best” (Novosibirsk city). The monitoring data indicated the presence of natural immunity to tick-borne encephalitis virus in the human population. Mean annual level of immune interlayer in Municipal areas varied from 3.1 to 52.7% (in Transbaikalian Territory — 13.1±0.51%). High level (from 20 to 52.7%) was characteristic for mountain-taiga-forest-steppe zone (Krasnochikoisky — 23.8±3.36%; Uletovsky — 52.4±4.48%; Gazimuro-Zavodsky — 29.4±4.94% districts) and mountain-tundra-taiga zone (Tungokochensky district — 20.0±3.58%). In steppe zone the level of immune interlayer was lower and observed in districts with elements of south-taiga larch and pine forests. It was established that levels of the immune interlayer in human population living in mountain-taiga-foreststeppe and mountain-tundra-taiga zones authentically higher than in steppe area — t = 3.8; Р < 0.001 and t = 2.27; Р < 0.05, respectively. Distinctions in the value of the immune interlayer between mountain-tundra-taiga and mountain-taigaforest-steppe zones were non-authentic: t = 0.1; P > 0.05. Active circulation of tick-borne encephalitis virus was accompanied by authentic (Р < 0.01) increase of the interlayer in persons with the virus antibodies in 2014–2016 (15.8±0.69%) in comparison with 2011–2013 (9.7±0.78%). Also it was noted in all landscape zones: in steppe zone the increase was to 42.8% (P > 0.05); in mountain-taiga-forest-steppe — to 61.3% (P > 0.05); in mountain-tundra-taiga — to 150.0% (Р < 0.01). It was not possible to reveal correlation between the recourse for medical aid and the value of immune interlayer in the population formed as a result of latent immunization. Results of the population immunity studying essentially expand our knowledge about the condition of the natural foci and dynamics of development of the epidemic processes in it, and can be used at planning of the preventive actions.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of genomes of tick-borne encephalitis virus strains isolated from mosquitoes and ticks

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. M. Pukhovskaya ◽  
O. V. Morozova ◽  
N. B. Belozerova ◽  
S. V. Bakhmetyeva ◽  
N. P. Vysochina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Strain ◽  
Far East ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Ixodes Persulcatus ◽  
Aedes Vexans ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbev Strain ◽  
Natural Foci ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Far Eastern

The tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) strain Lazo MP36 was isolated from the pool of mosquitoes Aedes vexans collected in Lazo region of Khabarovsk territory in August 2014. Phylogenetic analysis of the strain Lazo MP36 complete genome (GenBank accession number KT001073) revealed its correspondence to the TBEV Far Eastern subtype and differences from the following strains: 1) from ticks Ixodes persulcatus P. Schulze, 1930 [vaccine strain 205 (JX498939) and strains Khekhtzir 1230 (KF880805), Chichagovka (KP844724), Birobidzhan 1354 (KF880805) isolated in 2012-2013]; 2) from mosquitoes [strain Malyshevo (KJ744034) isolated in 1978 from Aedes vexans nipponii in Khabarovsk territory; strain Sakhalin 6-11 isolated from the pool of mosquitoes in 2011 (KF826916)]; 3) from human brain [vaccine strain Sofjin (JN229223), Glubinnoe/2004(DQ862460). Kavalerovo (DQ862460), Svetlogorie (DQ862460)]. The fusion peptide necessary for flavivirus entry to cells of the three TBEV strains isolated from mosquitoes (Lazo MP36, Malyshevo and Sakhalin 6-11) has the canonical structure 98-DRGWGNHCGLFGKGSI-113 for the tick-borne flaviviruses. Amino acid transition H104G typical for the mosquito-borne flaviviruses was not found. Structures of 5’- and 3’-untranslated (UTR) regions of the TBEV strains from mosquitoes were 85-98% homologous to the TBEV strains of all subtypes without recombination with mosquito-borne flaviviruses found in the Far East of Russia. Secondary structures of 5’- and 3'-UTR as well as cyclization sequences (CS) of types a and B are highly homologous for all TBEV isolates independently of the biological hosts and vectors. similarity of the genomes of the TBEV isolates from mosquitoes, ticks and patients as well as pathogenicity of the isolates for new-borne laboratory mice and tissue cultures might suggest a possible role of mosquitoes in the TBEV circulation in natural foci as an accidental or additional virus carrier.

TBE in France

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Hansmann ◽  
Aurélie Velay
Keyword(s):  
Human Case ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Tbev Infection

The first human case of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection in France was reported in 1968 in Alsace, an eastern region next to the German border: a gamekeeper working in a forest near Strasbourg.

TBE in Belarus

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Central European ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Natural Foci ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
European Subtype

Almost the entire territory of Belarus is believed to be endemic for tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), with the Central European subtype, also known as TBEV-EU (Figure 1). In all, 96 counties (i.e., 71.5% of all administrative districts) are considered to be risk areas for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). The most intensive natural foci have been found in the western part of the country (Brest and Grodno Area), and infections in these areas account for an average of 40% each of the total number of reported cases

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