scholarly journals Mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. CHIHOTA ◽  
L. F. RENNIE ◽  
R. P. KITCHING ◽  
P. S. MELLOR
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Infected Cattle ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes are capable of the mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) from infected to susceptible cattle. Mosquitoes that had fed upon lesions of LSDV-infected cattle were able to transmit virus to susceptible cattle over a period of 2–6 days post-infective feeding. Virus was isolated from the recipient animals in 5 out of 7 cases. The clinical disease recorded in the animals exposed to infected mosquitoes was generally of a mild nature, with only one case being moderate. LSDV has long been suspected to be insect transmitted, but these findings are the first to demonstrate this unequivocally, and they suggest that mosquito species are competent vectors.

scholarly journals Serum Biochemistry of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus-Infected Cattle

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Şevik ◽  
Oğuzhan Avci ◽  
Müge Doğan ◽  
Ömer Barış İnce
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Infected Cattle ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease Virus ◽  
Serum Biochemical

Lumpy skin disease is an economically important poxvirus disease of cattle. Vaccination is the main method of control but sporadic outbreaks have been reported in Turkey. This study was carried out to determine the changes in serum biochemical values of cattle naturally infected with lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). For this study, blood samples in EDTA, serum samples, and nodular skin lesions were obtained from clinically infected animals (n=15) whereas blood samples in EDTA and serum samples were collected from healthy animals (n=15). A quantitative real-time PCR method was used to detectCapripoxvirus(CaPV) DNA in clinical samples. A real-time PCR high-resolution melt assay was performed to genotype CaPVs. Serum cardiac, hepatic, and renal damage markers and lipid metabolism products were measured by autoanalyzer. LSDV nucleic acid was detected in all samples which were obtained from clinically infected cattle. The results of serum biochemical analysis showed that aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, and creatinine concentrations were markedly increased in serum from infected animals. However, there were no significant differences in the other biochemical parameters evaluated. The results of the current study suggest that liver and kidney failures occur during LSDV infection. These findings may help in developing effective treatment strategies in LSDV infection.

scholarly journals Quantifying and Modeling the Acquisition and Retention of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus by Hematophagus Insects Reveals Clinically but Not Subclinically Affected Cattle Are Promoters of Viral Transmission and Key Targets for Control of Disease Outbreaks

2021 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Sanz-Bernardo ◽  
Ismar R. Haga ◽  
Najith Wijesiriwardana ◽  
Sanjay Basu ◽  
Will Larner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease Virus ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a vector-transmitted poxvirus that causes disease in cattle. Vector species involved in LSDV transmission and their ability to acquire and transmit the virus are poorly characterized. Using a highly representative bovine experimental model of lumpy skin disease, we fed four model vector species (Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, Stomoxys calcitrans, and Culicoides nubeculosus) on LSDV-inoculated cattle in order to examine their acquisition and retention of LSDV. Subclinical disease was a more common outcome than clinical disease in the inoculated cattle. Importantly, the probability of vectors acquiring LSDV from a subclinical animal (0.006) was very low compared with that from a clinical animal (0.23), meaning an insect feeding on a subclinical animal was 97% less likely to acquire LSDV than one feeding on a clinical animal. All four potential vector species studied acquired LSDV from the host at a similar rate, but Aedes aegypti and Stomoxys calcitrans retained the virus for a longer time, up to 8 days. There was no evidence of virus replication in the vector, consistent with mechanical rather than biological transmission. The parameters obtained in this study were combined with data from studies of LSDV transmission and vector life history parameters to determine the basic reproduction number of LSDV in cattle mediated by each of the model species. This reproduction number was highest for Stomoxys calcitrans (19.1), followed by C. nubeculosus (7.1) and Ae. aegypti (2.4), indicating that these three species are potentially efficient transmitters of LSDV; this information can be used to inform LSD control programs. IMPORTANCE Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes a severe systemic disease characterized by cutaneous nodules in cattle. LSDV is a rapidly emerging pathogen, having spread since 2012 into Europe and Russia and across Asia. The vector-borne nature of LSDV transmission is believed to have promoted this rapid geographic spread of the virus; however, a lack of quantitative evidence about LSDV transmission has hampered effective control of the disease during the current epidemic. Our research shows subclinical cattle play little part in virus transmission relative to clinical cattle and reveals a low probability of virus acquisition by insects at the preclinical stage. We have also calculated the reproductive number of different insect species, therefore identifying efficient transmitters of LSDV. This information is of utmost importance, as it will help to define epidemiological control measures during LSDV epidemics and of particular consequence in resource-poor regions where LSD vaccination may be less than adequate.

scholarly journals A novel strain of lumpy skin disease virus causes clinical disease in cattle in Hong Kong

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Flannery ◽  
Barbara Shih ◽  
Ismar R. Haga ◽  
Martin Ashby ◽  
Amanda Corla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

scholarly journals Mechanical Transmission of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus by Stomoxys spp. (Stomoxys calsitrans, Stomoxys sitiens, Stomoxys indica), Diptera: Muscidae

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 477
Author(s):  
Arman Issimov ◽  
Lespek Kutumbetov ◽  
Mukhit B. Orynbayev ◽  
Berik Khairullin ◽  
Balzhan Myrzakhmetova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Severe Case ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease Virus ◽  
First Time

Samples collected for PCR from recipient animals tested positive in 5 out of 6 cases, while the virus was isolated from 4 of 6 animals. The clinical signs exhibited by recipient animals were mostly moderate in nature with only one severe case. To our knowledge, this is the first time that transmission of LSDV by three Stomoxys species has been demonstrated, and their role as mechanical vectors of LSDV is indicated.

Detection of lumpy skin disease virus in saliva of ticks fed on lumpy skin disease virus-infected cattle

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Lubinga ◽  
E. S. M. Tuppurainen ◽  
W. H. Stoltsz ◽  
K. Ebersohn ◽  
J. A. W. Coetzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Infected Cattle ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

Evidence of Transstadial and Mechanical Transmission of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus byAmblyomma hebraeumTicks

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Lubinga ◽  
E. S. M. Tuppurainen ◽  
R. Mahlare ◽  
J. A. W. Coetzer ◽  
W. H. Stoltsz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

scholarly journals Quantifying and modelling the acquisition and retention of lumpy skin disease virus by haematophagus insects reveals clinically but not subclinically-affected cattle are promoters of viral transmission and key targets for control of disease outbreaks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Sanz-Bernardo ◽  
Ismar R. Haga ◽  
Najith Wijesiriwardana ◽  
Sanjay Basu ◽  
Will Larner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

AbstractLumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a poxvirus that causes severe disease in cattle, has in the last few years rapidly extended its distribution from Africa and the Middle East into Europe, Russia, and across Asia. LSDV is believed to be primarily spread mechanically by blood-feeding arthropods, however the exact mode of arthropod transmission, the relative ability of different arthropod species to acquire and retain the virus, as well as their comparative importance for LSDV transmission, remain poorly characterised. Since the vector-borne nature of LSDV transmission is believed to have enabled the rapid geographic expansion of this virus, the lack of quantitative evidence on LSDV transmission has impeded effective control of the disease during the current epidemic. Obtaining high quality data on virus transmission by arthropods is challenging, and practical limitations often result in inadequate arthropod numbers or model hosts, limiting the transferability of experimental findings to the natural transmission scenario.We have addressed these limitations in this study. Using a highly representative bovine experimental model of lumpy skin disease we allowed four representative vector species (Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, Stomoxys calcitrans and Culicoides nubeculosus) to blood-feed on LSDV-inoculated cattle in order to examine the acquisition and retention of LSDV by these species in unprecedented detail. We found the probability of LSDV transmission from clinical cattle to vector correlated with disease severity. Subclinical disease was more common than clinical disease in the inoculated cattle, however the probability of vectors acquiring LSDV from subclinical animals was very low.All four potential vector species studied had a similar rate of acquisition of LSDV after feeding on the host, but Aedes aegypti and Stomoxys calcitrans retained the virus for a longer time, up to 8 days. There was no evidence of virus replication in the vector, consistent with mechanical rather than biological transmission. The parameters obtained in the in-vivo transmission experiments subsequently enabled enhanced modelling approaches to determine the basic reproduction number of LSDV in cattle mediated by each of the insect species. This was highest for Stomoxys calcitrans (19.1), C. nubeculosus (7.4), and Ae. aegypti (2.4), surprisingly indicating these three species are all potentially efficient transmitters of LSDV. These results reveal that currently applied LSDV control measures such as stamping out of all cattle on affected premises or insect control measures targeting single species need to be urgently reconsidered. Overall our studies have highlighted that the combination of highly relevant in-vivo experiments and mathematical modelling can be directly applied to devise evidence-based proportionate and targeted control programmes.

scholarly journals Using the basic reproduction number to assess the risk of transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by biting insects

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Gubbins
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Basic Reproduction Number ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease Virus ◽  
The Basic Reproduction Number

SummaryIn recent years, lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) has emerged as a major threat to cattle outside Africa, where it is endemic. Although evidence suggests that LSDV is transmitted by the bites of blood sucking arthropods, few studies have assessed the risk of transmission posed by particular vector species. Here this risk is assessed by calculating the basic reproduction number (R0) for transmission of LSDV by five species of biting insect: the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, the biting midge, Culicoides nubeculosus, and three mosquito species, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. Parameters relating to mechanical transmission of LSDV were estimated using new analyses of previously-published data from transmission experiments, while vector life history parameters were derived from the published literature. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses were used to compute R0 for each species and to identify those parameters which influence its magnitude. Results suggest that S. calcitrans is likely to be the most efficient at transmitting LSDV, with Ae. aegypti also an efficient vector. By contrast, C. nubeculosus, An. stephensi, and Cx. quinquefasciatus are likely to be inefficient vectors of LSDV. However, there is considerable uncertainty associated with the estimates of R0, reflecting uncertainty in most of the constituent parameters. Sensitivity analysis suggests that future experimental work should focus on estimating the probability of transmission from insect to bovine and on the virus inactivation rate in insects.

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