Evidence of Transstadial and Mechanical Transmission of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus byAmblyomma hebraeumTicks

Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes are capable of the mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) from infected to susceptible cattle. Mosquitoes that had fed upon lesions of LSDV-infected cattle were able to transmit virus to susceptible cattle over a period of 2–6 days post-infective feeding. Virus was isolated from the recipient animals in 5 out of 7 cases. The clinical disease recorded in the animals exposed to infected mosquitoes was generally of a mild nature, with only one case being moderate. LSDV has long been suspected to be insect transmitted, but these findings are the first to demonstrate this unequivocally, and they suggest that mosquito species are competent vectors.

Download Full-text

Mechanical Transmission of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus by Stomoxys spp. (Stomoxys calsitrans, Stomoxys sitiens, Stomoxys indica), Diptera: Muscidae

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10030477 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 477

Author(s):

Arman Issimov ◽

Lespek Kutumbetov ◽

Mukhit B. Orynbayev ◽

Berik Khairullin ◽

Balzhan Myrzakhmetova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Skin Disease ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Severe Case ◽

Mechanical Transmission ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease Virus ◽

First Time

Samples collected for PCR from recipient animals tested positive in 5 out of 6 cases, while the virus was isolated from 4 of 6 animals. The clinical signs exhibited by recipient animals were mostly moderate in nature with only one severe case. To our knowledge, this is the first time that transmission of LSDV by three Stomoxys species has been demonstrated, and their role as mechanical vectors of LSDV is indicated.

Download Full-text

Using the basic reproduction number to assess the risk of transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by biting insects

10.1101/602292 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Simon Gubbins

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Basic Reproduction Number ◽

Skin Disease ◽

Reproduction Number ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Published Data ◽

Mechanical Transmission ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease Virus ◽

The Basic Reproduction Number

SummaryIn recent years, lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) has emerged as a major threat to cattle outside Africa, where it is endemic. Although evidence suggests that LSDV is transmitted by the bites of blood sucking arthropods, few studies have assessed the risk of transmission posed by particular vector species. Here this risk is assessed by calculating the basic reproduction number (R0) for transmission of LSDV by five species of biting insect: the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, the biting midge, Culicoides nubeculosus, and three mosquito species, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. Parameters relating to mechanical transmission of LSDV were estimated using new analyses of previously-published data from transmission experiments, while vector life history parameters were derived from the published literature. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses were used to compute R0 for each species and to identify those parameters which influence its magnitude. Results suggest that S. calcitrans is likely to be the most efficient at transmitting LSDV, with Ae. aegypti also an efficient vector. By contrast, C. nubeculosus, An. stephensi, and Cx. quinquefasciatus are likely to be inefficient vectors of LSDV. However, there is considerable uncertainty associated with the estimates of R0, reflecting uncertainty in most of the constituent parameters. Sensitivity analysis suggests that future experimental work should focus on estimating the probability of transmission from insect to bovine and on the virus inactivation rate in insects.

Download Full-text

Attempted mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by biting insects

Medical and Veterinary Entomology ◽

10.1046/j.1365-2915.2003.00445.x ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 294-300 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

C. M. Chihota ◽

L. F. Rennie ◽

R. P. Kitching ◽

P. S. Mellor

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Skin Disease ◽

Mechanical Transmission ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

Download Full-text

Mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus male ticks

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268812000805 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 141 (2) ◽

pp. 425-430 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

E. S. M. TUPPURAINEN ◽

J. C. LUBINGA ◽

W. H. STOLTSZ ◽

M. TROSKIE ◽

S. T. CARPENTER ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Skin Disease ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽

Mechanical Transmission ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease Virus ◽

Feeding Site ◽

Source Of Infection

SUMMARYLumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically important, acute or sub-acute, viral disease of cattle that occurs across Africa and in the Middle East. The aim of this study was to investigate if lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) can be transmitted mechanically by African brown ear ticks (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neum.). Laboratory-bred R. appendiculatus males were fed on experimentally infected viraemic ‘donor’ cattle. Partially fed male ticks were then transferred to feed on an uninfected ‘recipient’ cow. The recipient animal became viraemic, showed mild clinical signs of LSD and seroconverted. Additionally, R. appendiculatus males were found to transmit LSDV through feeding on skin lacking visible lesions, demonstrating that viraemic animals without lesions at the feeding site of ticks may be a source of infection. This is the first time that transmission of poxviruses by a tick species has been demonstrated and the importance of this mode of transmission in the spread of LSDV in endemic settings is discussed.

Download Full-text

Comparative Evaluation of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus-Based Live Attenuated Vaccines

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9050473 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 473

Author(s):

Andy Haegeman ◽

Ilse De Leeuw ◽

Laurent Mostin ◽

Willem Van Campe ◽

Laetitia Aerts ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Skin Disease ◽

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Ease Of Use ◽

Vaccine Failure ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease Virus ◽

The Balkans ◽

The Past ◽

Preventative Strategy

Vaccines form the cornerstone of any control, eradication and preventative strategy and this is no different for lumpy skin disease. However, the usefulness of a vaccine is determined by a multiplicity of factors which include stability, efficiency, safety and ease of use, to name a few. Although the vaccination campaign in the Balkans against lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) was successful and has been implemented with success in the past in other countries, data of vaccine failure have also been reported. It was therefore the purpose of this study to compare five homologous live attenuated LSDV vaccines (LSDV LAV) in a standardized setting. All five LSDV LAVs studied were able to protect against a challenge with virulent LSDV. Aside from small differences in serological responses, important differences were seen in side effects such as a local reaction and a Neethling response upon vaccination between the analyzed vaccines. These observations can have important implications in the applicability in the field for some of these LSDV LAVs.

Download Full-text

Production of small ruminant morbillivirus, rift valley fever virus and lumpy skin disease virus in CelCradle™ -500A bioreactors

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-021-02801-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Halima Rhazi ◽

Najete Safini ◽

Karima Mikou ◽

Meryeme Alhyane ◽

Khalid Omari Tadlaoui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Skin Disease ◽

Rift Valley ◽

Rift Valley Fever ◽

Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽

Fever Virus ◽

Valley Fever ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease ◽

Lumpy Skin Disease Virus ◽

Cell Factories

Abstract Background Animal vaccination is an important way to stop the spread of diseases causing immense damage to livestock and economic losses and the potential transmission to humans. Therefore effective method for vaccine production using simple and inexpensive bioprocessing solutions is very essential. Conventional culture systems currently in use, tend to be uneconomic in terms of labor and time involved. Besides, they offer a limited surface area for growth of cells. In this study, the CelCradle™-500A was evaluated as an alternative to replace conventional culture systems in use such as Cell factories for the production of viral vaccines against small ruminant morbillivirus (PPR), rift valley fever virus (RVF) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSD). Results Two types of cells Vero and primary Lamb Testis cells were used to produce these viruses. The study was done in 2 phases as a) optimization of cell growth and b) virus cultivation. Vero cells could be grown to significantly higher cell densities of 3.04 × 109 using the CelCradle™-500A with a shorter doubling time as compared to 9.45 × 108 cells in Cell factories. This represents a 19 fold increase in cell numbers as compared to seeding vs only 3.7 fold in Cell factories. LT cells achieved modestly higher cell densities of 6.7 × 108 as compared to 6.3 × 108 in Cell factories. The fold change in densities for these cells was 3 fold in the CelCradle™-500A vs 2.5 fold in Cell factories. The titers in the conventional system and the bioreactor were not significantly different. However, the Cell-specific virus yield for rift valley fever virus and lumpy skin disease virus are higher (25 virions/cell for rift valley fever virus, and 21.9 virions/cell for lumpy skin disease virus versus 19.9 virions/cell for rift valley fever virus and 10 virions/cell for lumpy skin disease virus). Conclusions This work represents a novel study for primary lamb testis cell culture in CellCradle™-500A bioreactors. In addition, on account of the high cell densities obtained and the linear scalability the titers could be further optimized using other culture process such us perfusion.

Download Full-text