Developmental potential of somatic and germ cells of hybrids between Carassius auratus females and Hemigrammocypris rasborella males

Zygote ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 470-481
Author(s):  
Yuki Naya ◽  
Tomoka Matsunaga ◽  
Yu Shimizu ◽  
Eisuke Takahashi ◽  
Fumika Shima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Hybrid Sterility ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Triploid Hybrid ◽  
Hybrid Cells ◽  
Diploid Hybrid ◽  
Blastula Stage ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Diploid Cells

SummaryThe cause of hybrid sterility and inviability has not been analyzed in the fin-fish hybrid, although large numbers of hybridizations have been carried out. In this study, we produced allo-diploid hybrids by cross-fertilization between female goldfish (Carassius auratus) and male golden venus chub (Hemigrammocypris rasborella). Inviability of these hybrids was due to breakage of the enveloping layer during epiboly or due to malformation with serious cardiac oedema around the hatching stage. Spontaneous allo-triploid hybrids with two sets of the goldfish genome and one set of the golden venus chub genome developed normally and survived beyond the feeding stage. This improved survival was confirmed by generating heat-shock-induced allo-triploid hybrids that possessed an extra goldfish genome. When inviable allo-diploid hybrid cells were transplanted into goldfish host embryos at the blastula stage, these embryos hatched normally, incorporating the allo-diploid cells. These allo-diploid hybrid cells persisted, and were genetically detected in a 6-month-old fish. In contrast, primordial germ cells taken from allo-diploid hybrids and transplanted into goldfish hosts at the blastula stage had disappeared by 10 days post-fertilization, even under chimeric conditions. In allo-triploid hybrid embryos, germ cells proliferated in the gonad, but had disappeared by 10 weeks post-fertilization. These results showed that while hybrid germ cells are inviable even in chimeric conditions, hybrid somatic cells remain viable.

Germ cells and pluripotent stem cells in the mouse

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne McLaren ◽  
Gabriela Durcova-Hills
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Embryoid Bodies ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Developmental Potential

For many years, attempts to achieve long-term culture of mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs) proved unsuccessful, even when feeder layers were used and individual growth factors were added to the medium. However, when three growth factors were added simultaneously to the medium, some of the cells continued to proliferate indefinitely. Similar to embryonic stem cell lines, these embryonic germ (EG) cell lines were capable of giving rise to embryoid bodies in vitro, and colonizing all cell lineages in chimeras, including the germline. Initially, EG cells were made from PGCs before migration, 8.5 days post coitum (dpc), and after entry into the genital ridge, 11.5 and 12.5 dpc. New EG cell lines from 9.5 dpc (migrating) and 11.5 dpc PGCs, carrying either a LacZ or GFP transgene, are described here. The developmental potential of the new EG cell lines in vitro, in vivoin chimeras, and in tissue aggregates in organ culture was studied. The EG cells were compared with PGCs at the stage from which the EG cells were derived. The two cell types show several similarities, but also some differences in gene expression and cell behaviour, which require further exploration.

scholarly journals HYBRID DYSGENESIS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: THE BIOLOGY OF FEMALE AND MALE STERILITY

Genetics ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-174
Author(s):  
William R Engels ◽  
Christine R Preston
Keyword(s):  
Male Sterility ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Hybrid Sterility ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Wild Strain ◽  
Hybrid Dysgenesis ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Male Recombination ◽  
Larval Stages

ABSTRACT High levels of female and male sterility were observed among the hybrids from one of the two reciprocal crosses between a wild strain of D. melanogaster known as π2 and laboratory strains. The sterility, which is part of a common syndrome called hybrid dysgenesis, was found to be associated with the rudimentary condition of one or both of the ovaries or testes. All other tissues, including those of the reproductive system were normal, as were longevity and mating behavior. The morphological details of the sterility closely mimic the agametic condition occurring when germ cells are destroyed by irradiation or by the maternal-effect mutation, grandchildless. We suggest that sterility in hybrid dysgenesis is also caused by failure in the early development of germ cells. There is a thermo-sensitive period beginning at approximately the time of initiation of mitosis among primordial germ cells a few hours before the egg hatches and ending during the early larval stages. Our results suggest that hybrid dysgenesis, which also includes male recombination, mutation and other traits, may be limited to the germ line, and that each of the primordial germ cells develops, or fails to develop, independently of the others. This hypothesis is consistent with the observed frequencies of unilateral and bilateral sterility, with the shape of the thermo-sensitivity curves and with the fact that males are less often sterile than females. The features of this intraspecific hybrid sterility are found to resemble those seen in some interspecific Drosophila hybrids, especially those from the cross D. melanogasfer × D. simulans.

Developmental potential of mouse primordial germ cells

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (9) ◽  
pp. 1823-1832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Kato ◽  
W.M. Rideout ◽  
K. Hilton ◽  
S.C. Barton ◽  
Y. Tsunoda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Gene Dosage ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Monoallelic Expression ◽  
Imprinted Genes ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Allele Specific

There are distinctive and characteristic genomic modifications in primordial germ cells that distinguish the germ cell lineage from somatic cells. These modifications include, genome-wide demethylation, erasure of allele-specific methylation associated with imprinted genes, and the re-activation of the X chromosome. The allele-specific differential methylation is involved in regulating the monoallelic expression, and thus the gene dosage, of imprinted genes, which underlies functional differences between parental genomes. However, when the imprints are erased in the germ line, the parental genomes acquire an equivalent epigenetic and functional state. Therefore, one of the reasons why primordial germ cells are unique is because this is the only time in mammals when the distinction between parental genomes ceases to exist. To test how the potentially imprint-free primordial germ cell nuclei affect embryonic development, we transplanted them into enucleated oocytes. Here we show that the reconstituted oocyte developed to day 9.5 of gestation, consistently as a small embryo and a characteristic abnormal placenta. The embryo proper also did not progress much further even when the inner cell mass was ‘rescued’ from the abnormal placenta by transfer into a tetraploid host blastocyst. We found that development of the experimental conceptus was affected, at least in part, by a lack of gametic imprints, as judged by DNA methylation and expression analysis of several imprinted genes. The evidence suggests that gametic imprints are essential for normal development, and that they can neither be initiated nor erased in mature oocytes; these properties are unique to the developing germ line.

An autoradiographic analysis of nucleic acid synthesis in the presumptive primordial germ cells of Xenopus laevis

Development ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-31
Author(s):  
Marie Dziadek ◽  
K. E. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Rna Synthesis ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Tail Bud ◽  
Blastula Stage ◽  
Autoradiographic Analysis ◽  
The One ◽  
Xenopus Laevis Embryos

Microinjection of [3H]thymidine into Xenopus laevis embryos between late blastula (stage 10) and early tadpole (stage 44) showed that the presumptive primordial germ cells synthesise DNA between stages 10–33. The percentage of labelled cells was highest between stages 10 and 16, declined sharply between stages 22 and 26 and rose again between stages 26 and 33. The fluctuations in the labelling patterns together with increase in the number of presumptive primordial germ cells and direct observation of germ cells in mitosis suggested that the germ cells divide three times between stages 10 and 44. The first divisions probably take place during gastrulation (stages 10–12), the second relatively synchronously at about stages 22–24 and the third series again relatively synchronously about stages 37–39. This period of proliferative activity is distinguishable on the one hand from the cleavage divisions in which the number of germ cells does not increase and on the other hand from the next proliferative phase by a period of mitotic inactivity. Microinjection of [3H]uridine showed that the presumptive primordial germ cells synthesize RNA only in mid-gastrula to early tail-bud-stage embryos. There is no obvious simple causal relationship between RNA synthesis and the movement of the germ plasm to the nucleus, or with division of the germ cells or with their migration out of the endoderm.

Transfer of Primordial Germ-cells in Xenopus laevis

Development ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 634-641
Author(s):  
A. W. Blackler ◽  
M. Fischberg
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Dorsal Region ◽  
Blastula Stage ◽  
Early Embryonic Stage ◽  
Sex Cells ◽  
Fertilized Egg ◽  
Dorsal Mesentery

There have been many claims for the segregation of Anuran primordial germcells at an early embryonic stage. Most authors agree that these cells may be distinguished with ease in the most dorsal region of the larval endoderm and, somewhat later in development, at the base of the dorsal mesentery and in the undifferentiated gonad (see review by Johnston, 1951). Bounoure (1934) and Blackler (1958) claim to have traced the origin of the primordial germ-cells as early in development as the late blastula stage and to have recognized cell inclusions that become restricted to the germ line at all stages between the fertilized egg and the late blastula. As pointed out by Everett (1945), some workers in this field of embryological study have firmly denied the existence of primordial germ-cells, while others have been cautious of accepting the principle that these cells give rise to any of the definitive sex-cells (gametes).

scholarly journals Germ cell determination and the developmental origin of germ cell tumors

Development ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 148 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter K. Nicholls ◽  
David C. Page
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Germ Cell Tumors ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Animal Development ◽  
Cell Determination ◽  
Diverse Species

ABSTRACT In each generation, the germline is tasked with producing somatic lineages that form the body, and segregating a population of cells for gametogenesis. During animal development, when do cells of the germline irreversibly commit to producing gametes? Integrating findings from diverse species, we conclude that the final commitment of the germline to gametogenesis – the process of germ cell determination – occurs after primordial germ cells (PGCs) colonize the gonads. Combining this understanding with medical findings, we present a model whereby germ cell tumors arise from cells that failed to undertake germ cell determination, regardless of their having colonized the gonads. We propose that the diversity of cell types present in these tumors reflects the broad developmental potential of migratory PGCs.

scholarly journals Hybrid Sterility in Fish Caused by Mitotic Arrest of Primordial Germ Cells

Genetics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 209 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Yoshikawa ◽  
Dongdong Xu ◽  
Yasuko Ino ◽  
Tasuku Yoshino ◽  
Takao Hayashida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Hybrid Sterility ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Mitotic Arrest

Contribution to the Study of Germ-cells in the Anura

Development ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-503
Author(s):  
A. W. Blackler
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Blastula Stage ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Sex Cells

The problems of the germ-line of cells are of long standing in animal biology, but of these two surpass the rest in importance. At what stage in the life-cycle do the primordial germ-cells make their appearance, and do these gonocytes give rise to all, some, or none of the definitive sex-cells? Since Nussbaum (1880, 1884) first discussed the continuity of the germ-cells from one generation to the next, study in this field of embryology has resulted in a measure of agreement that the primordial germ-cells make their appearance in the endoderm or mesoderm early in development. The subject has been extensively reviewed in recent years by Bounoure (1939), Dantschakoff (1941), Everett (1945), Nieuwkoop (1946), and Johnston (1951). In the invertebrates, the origin of the gonocytes during cleavage is well established for some species (e.g. Parascaris), but, for the vertebrates, only Bounoure (1934) makes a claim for the formation of the primordial germ-cells as early as the blastula stage.

Hexachlorobenzene toxicity in the rat ovary: II. Ultrastructure induced by medium (10 mg/kg) dose exposure

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 668-669
Author(s):  
Amreek Singh ◽  
Warren G. Foster ◽  
Anna Dykeman ◽  
David C. Villeneuve
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Surface Epithelium ◽  
Morphological Parameters ◽  
Comprehensive Investigation ◽  
Ovary Surface Epithelium ◽  
Rat Ovary ◽  
High Doses

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a known toxicant that is found in the environment as a by-product during manufacture of certain pesticides. This chlorinated chemical has been isolated from many tissues including ovary. When administered in high doses, HCB causes degeneration of primordial germ cells and ovary surface epithelium in sub-human primates. A purpose of this experiment was to determine a no-effect dose of the chemical on the rat ovary. The study is part of a comprehensive investigation on the effects of the compound on the biochemical, hematological, and morphological parameters in the monkey and rat.

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