From Egg to Organism

How an egg turns into an organism continues to baffle the imagination. We can describe how it happens and many of the particulars, but still struggle to comprehend how events at the levels of genes and cells produce a fruit fly, a sea urchin, or a baby. The fertilized egg, at bottom a single cell, undergoes multiple cycles of division with concurrent differentiation and transformations of shape, resulting in a multicellular embryo whose several regions are committed to develop into distinct organs. Differentiation relies on elaborate networks of control on gene expression that promote certain genes and silence others. Spatial organization of the embryo commonly involves diffusible “morphogens,” hormone-like substances that instruct cells as to their developmental fate. Chemical gradients are supplemented by diverse processes that draw on active transport, mechanical forces, and cell migration. Genes do not hold a comprehensive blueprint for development. They operate in the context of cells that are directed by both genes and self-organization, and there is no plan separable from its execution. How an egg turns into an organism may no longer be mysterious or miraculous, but it remains as wondrous as ever that an assemblage of lifeless molecules can build a butterfly.

Method for preserving the viability of a chicken embryo with a shell defect in experiment

The egg has always been and remains an ideal object for conducting various scientific research. An egg is an isolated egg cell outside the mother’s body. Therefore, it is an ideal object for studying embryogenesis and performing various manipulations during embryogenesis and before the birth of a viable organism. The existing methods allow conducting experimental manipulations with the embryo in situ, inside the egg shells without damaging them. However, the achievement of ideal parameters for closing the defect of the fertilized egg shell in the experiment is the key to the successful completion of the experiment. Periods of embryogenesis, especially at the last stage, when osteogenesis occurs, require the presence of a sufficient amount of calcium ions in the metabolism of the developing chicken, which are vital for the formation of a full-fledged chicken.The aim: to develop an optimal method for closing the defect and fixing the egg shell after manipulation or during the experiment.Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out on fertile eggs of the breed of chickens – meat breed of broilers Ross-308 (ROSS-308), JSC Poultry Farm “NovoBaryshevskaya” (Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russian Federation). In the experiment, 120 fertilized eggs were used. Eggs weighing 60–70 g were incubated at a temperature of 37.5–38.0 °C and 50–55 % humidity. Comparative anatomical and physiological parameters were evaluated on the 7th, 14th, 20th day of incubation and on the 1st day of the postnatal period. In the experimental group, the shell defect was covered with a fragment of the egg shell of the donor. Incubation was carried out in an incubator – a household incubator “Nesushka” (Novosibirsk, Russian Federation).Results. The proposed method of fixing and closing the defect of the fertilized egg shell excludes the use of foreign materials that have an adverse effect on the development of the embryo. There were no anatomical and physiological deviations in the chicks of the study group when comparing the indicators with the parameters in the comparison group and the Hamburger – Hamilton classification.

The Effect of Fertilized Egg White on Growth, Migration, Differentiation and Genes Expression Profile in SW480 Colon Cancer Cell Line

Background: Embryonic microenvironments influence cancer stem cells properties, which leads to anti-cancer effects. Therefore, the current study investigates the effects of fertilized egg white, as an embryonic/fetal microenvironment, on survival, apoptosis, self-renewal characteristic, stemness properties, and migration capacity of SW480 colon cancer cells and 5-fluorouracil (5FU) resistant subgroup.Methods: MTT and Flow cytometry was used to study the cell viability and cell cycle analysis. Clonogenic, spheroid formation, and wound healing assays were used to evaluate cancer cells' self-renewal, stemness properties, and migration capacity. RT-PCR was performed to analyze NANOG, c-MYC, E-cadherin, and NDRG1 mRNA expression.Results: The SW480 colon carcinoma cell line and SW480-5FU chemo-resistant subpopulation cells were subjected to Fertilized Egg White (FEW). FEW decreased cell viability and increased the percentage of the sub-G1 stage in both cell lines. In addition, colony and spheroid formations were decreased in both cells, and the FEW inhibited the migration. Expression of NANOG and c-MYC were reduced in both cells. E-cadherin and NDRG1 expression increased in SW480 cells.Conclusion: FEW decreased the SW480 colon cancer cell line and the SW480-5FU chemo-resistant subpopulation growth and migration. Also, by the changes observed in gene expression and spheroid formation, we suggest the possibility of decreased stemness properties and induction of differentiation following fertilized egg white treatment.

Gambaran Pengetahuan Ibu tentang KB Suntik 1 Bulan di Klinik Pratama Tanjung Deli Tua Tahun 2021

Introduction : Contraceptive injections are one of the contraceptive methods available in Indonesia that serve to prevent the occurrence of pregnancy through hormonal injections. Hormonal contraceptive type birth control injections one of them injectable kb 1 month. This 1-month injectable birth control can prevent egg release or ovulation every month. In addition, this kb also thickens cervical mucus, making it difficult for sperm to move through the cervix. This contraceptive also thins the lining of the uterus so that the fertilized egg is more difficult to implant in the uterus. Method : This study aims to find out an overview of the mother's knowledge about 1 month injectable birth control at Klinik Pratama Tanjung Deli Tua in 2021. This research uses descriptive methods. The samples in this study are all kb acceptors who are still active and visited Klinik Pratama Tanjung Deli Tua in 2021 with a total of 30 respondents. Researchers used primary and secondary data that was processed using SPSS and presented using open tables. Result : The results of the study were as follows: of 30 respondents who were knowledgeable with a good category of 8 people (26.7%), followed by enough category knowledge as many as 10 people (33.3%), and knowledge with a category of less than 12 people (40.0%). Conclusion : The lack of knowledge of the mother about the injectable kb 1 month, it is expected that health workers can provide counseling to the new and recurring KB acceptors about the injectable kb 1 month

Time of conception in women Siegel (Münch, med. Woch., 1916, № 21)

As you know, the time when women become pregnant, that is, the fertilized egg enters the uterus and is grafted onto its wall, has not yet been established with sufficient certainty.

HMGA1 Is a Potential Driver of Preeclampsia Pathogenesis by Interference with Extravillous Trophoblasts Invasion

Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious disease that can be fatal for the mother and fetus. The two-stage theory has been proposed as its cause, with the first stage comprising poor placentation associated with the failure of fertilized egg implantation. Successful implantation and placentation require maternal immunotolerance of the fertilized egg as a semi-allograft and appropriate extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion of the decidua and myometrium. The disturbance of EVT invasion during implantation in PE results in impaired spiral artery remodeling. PE is thought to be caused by hypoxia during remodeling failure–derived poor placentation, which results in chronic inflammation. High-mobility group protein A (HMGA) is involved in the growth and invasion of cancer cells and likely in the growth and invasion of trophoblasts. Its mechanism of action is associated with immunotolerance. Thus, HMGA is thought to play a pivotal role in successful pregnancy, and its dysfunction may be related to the pathogenesis of PE. The evaluation of HMGA function and its changes in PE might confirm that it is a reliable biomarker of PE and provide prospects for PE treatment through the induction of EVT proliferation and invasion during the implantation.

PERFORMANSI REPRODUKSI INDUK IKAN BARONANG, Siganus guttatus YANG DIBERI PAKAN MENGANDUNG RUMPUT LAUT

Perfomansi reproduksi dan kualitas larva ikan baronang, Siganus guttatus, masih rendah. Rumput laut, Gracilaria sp. dan Ulva sp. merupakan pakan alami di alam dan mengandung nutrien penting untuk ikan baronang. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi penggunaan pakan yang mengandung rumput laut terhadap performa reproduksi induk ikan baronang. Perlakuan yang dicobakan adalah (A) pakan buatan tanpa kandungan tepung rumput laut, (B) pakan buatan mengandung tepung rumput laut Gracilaria sp. 15%, (C) pakan buatan mengandung tepung rumput laut Ulva sp. 15%, (D) pakan buatan tanpa tepung rumput laut (A) + rumput laut segar Gracilaria sp. Induk ikan baronang berukuran rata-rata 250,7 ± 20,8 g; dipelihara dalam bak beton berukuran 2,0 m x 1,5 m x 1,0 m; kepadatan 20 ekor/bak dengan rasio betina dan jantan 1:1. Peubah yang diamati meliputi fekunditas, diameter oocyte,diameter telur terbuahi, tingkat pembuahan telur, tingkat penetasan telur, panjang larva D-0, dan kandungan energi larva D-0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keempat pakan uji memberikan performansi reproduksi ikan baronang yang tidak berbeda nyata (P>0,05). Induk ikan baronang pada semua perlakuan memijah setiap bulan, fekunditas telur 863-1.149 butir/g induk; diameter oosit 435,7-439,7 µm; diameter telur yang terbuahi 576,1-583,0 µm; tingkat pembuahan telur 94,8%-96,1%; tingkat penetasan telur 78,6%-84,7%; dan panjang larva D-0 berkisar 2,20-2,24 mm; serta kandungan energi larva D-0 5.620-5.662 kal/g. Rumput laut Gracilaria sp. dan Ulva sp. tidak memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda nyata terhadap performansi reproduksi, namun keempat pakan tersebut dapat diaplikasikan dalam pematangan gonad dan pemijahan induk ikan baronang untuk produksi larva secara massal.Reproductive perfomance and quality of larvae of rabbitfish, Siganus guttatus, are still low. Seaweed, Gracilaria sp. and Ulva sp., are the natural food of rabbitfish and contain important nutrients for the fish. This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of seaweed-supplemented artificial diet on the reproductive performance of rabbitfish. The treatments consisted of the artificial diet : (A) without seaweed content, (B) 15% of seaweed, Gracilaria sp. meal, (C) 15% of seaweed, Ulva sp. meal, (D) without seaweed meal (A) + fresh Gracilaria sp. The rabbitfish broodstock with an average weight of 250 ± 20.9 g were maintained in eight concrete tanks measuring at 2.0 m x 1.5 m x 1.0 m. The fish stocking density was 20 fish/tank with the ratio of female and male of 1:1. The observed variables were fecundity, oocyte diameter, fertilized egg diameter, egg fertilization rate, egg hatching rate, D-0 larvae length, and D-0 larvae energy content. The results showed that the feed treatments had no significant effect (P>0.05) on all of reproductive variables of rabbitfish broodstock. The test fish spawned every month, with fecundity, oocyte diameter, fertilized egg diameter, egg fertilization rate, egg hatching rate, D-0 larval length, and the energy content of D-0 larvae ranged between 863-1,149 egg/g fish, 435.7-439.7 µm, 576.1-583.0 µm, 94.8%-96.1%, 78.6%-84.7%, 2.20-2.24 mm, and 5.620-5.662 cal/g, respectively. This study concludes that the application of seaweed Gracilaria sp. and Ulva sp. have no significant effect on the reproductive performanceof rabbitfish broodstock. However, the four test diets could be used in gonad maturation and spawning of rabbitfish in the effort of mass producing the fish larvae for aquaculture.

Growth and Development

This chapter assesses the linked processes of brain growth and development. Each human life begins with the union of a sperm and an egg. Embryogenesis is the process by which the fertilized egg divides repeatedly to produce the 37 trillion cells that make up a person. But embryo development is about far more than just this dramatic increase in cell number. It also involves the formation of all the specialised cell types of the body, and their organization into tissues and organs. Initially, the embryo is just a ball of cells called a blastocyst. But then a dramatic transformation takes place called gastrulation, which is a key event in the formation of a human being. While these are the gross structural changes underlying brain development, equally important are the cellular changes. The development of the human brain occurs at such a rapid rate that a newborn baby’s brain has almost the same number of neurons as that of an adult. However, brain growth continues after birth due to the creation of new glial cells and connections between neurons.

Ultrastructure of the fertilized egg envelope from Melanotaenia praecox, Melanotaeniidae, Teleostei

We examined the morphology of fertilized egg and ultrastructures of fertilized egg envelopes of dwarf rainbowfish (Melanotaenia praecox) belong to Melanotaeniidae using light and electron microscopes. The fertilized eggs were spherical with adhesive filament, transparent, demersal, and had a narrow perivitelline space and small oil droplets. The size of fertilized egg was 1.02 ± 0.18 mm (n = 30), and there were two kinds of adhesive filament on the fertilized eggs. The long and thick (diameter 12.22 ± 0.52 μm, n = 20) adhesive filaments were only at the area of animal pole, and short and thin (diameter 1.99 ± 0.23 μm, n = 20) adhesive filaments were around the long filaments. A micropyle was conical shaped with adhesive filament and located near the animal pole of egg. The outer surface of fertilized egg was rough side. Also, the total thickness of the fertilized egg envelope was about 7.46 ± 0.41 μm (n = 20), the fertilized egg envelope consisted of two layers, an inner lamellae layer and an outer layer with high electron-density. And the inner layer was 8 layers. Collectively, these morphological characteristics and adhesive property of fertilized egg with adhesive filaments, and ultrastructures of micropyle, outer surface, and section of fertilized egg envelope are showed species specificity.