The early Cambrian experiment in reef-building by metazoans

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 107-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Rowland ◽  
Melissa Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Cambrian ◽  
Middle Ordovician ◽  
Calcareous Sponges ◽  
Reef Environments ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Neoproterozoic ◽  
Extinction Events ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

A consortium dominated by archaeocyaths and calcified microorganisms (calcimicrobes) constructed the first metazoan reefs during an eleven-million-year interval of the Early Cambrian. However, archaeocyaths were not the first metazoan reef dwellers; the weakly calcified organismNamacalathus, and the more heavily biomineralized organismNamapoikia, occupied microbial reef environments during the late Neoproterozoic, but they were not involved in reef construction. Throughout the late nineteenth century, and during most of the twentieth century, the biological affinities of archaeocyaths were unsettled, which caused paleobiologists to avoid including them in analyses of the Cambrian fauna. However, in the late twentieth century the discovery of living, aspiculate sponges led to a consensus among archaeocyathan workers that these fossils represent an extinct class of aspiculate, calcareous sponges. The majority of archaeocyathan-calcimicrobial reefs are relatively small, lenticular mounds, typically about a meter thick and a few meters in diameter, but the archaeocyathan-calcimicrobial consortium also constructed massive, ecologically zoned, wave-resistant, framework reefs. The Great Siberian Cambrian Reef Complex is 200-300 km wide and stretches for 1500 km across northern Siberia. A consensus has not yet been found among Cambrian reef workers concerning photosymbiosis, which is such an important aspect of the ecology of modern coralgal reefs. Two extinction events hit during the Early Cambrian, the second of which is associated with a eustatic sea-level drop. The attendant marine regression eliminated reefs, and the archaeocyathan-calcimicrobial reef community disappeared. While the disappearance of reefs at this time is perfectly understandable, it is nevertheless surprising that the metazoan-calcimicrobe reef-building consortium was not able to recover within a few million years. Approximately forty million years passed æ from the end of the Early Cambrian to the beginning of the Middle Ordovician æ before metazoans finally returned to reef-building. We present seven hypotheses to explain this metazoan-reef-free window. The testing of these hypotheses will, in part, be the challenge of the next phase of research on Early Cambrian reefs.

The Book as Waste: Henry Mayhew and the Fall of Paper Recycling

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Price
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Electronic Media ◽  
Wood Pulp ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Pulp Paper ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This chapter suggests that two phenomena that usually get explained in terms of the rise of electronic media in the late twentieth century—the dematerialization of the text and the disembodiment of the reader—have more to do with two much earlier developments. One is legal: the 1861 repeal of the taxes previously imposed on all paper except that used for printing bibles. The other is technological: the rise first of wood-pulp paper in the late nineteenth century and then of plastics in the twentieth. The chapter then looks at Henry Mayhew's London Labour and the London Poor (1861–62), the loose, baggy ethnography of the urban underclass that swelled out of a messy series of media. Mayhew's “cyclopaedia of the industry, the want, and the vice of the great Metropolis” so encyclopedically catalogs the uses to which used paper can be turned.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-44
Author(s):  
Gavin Miller
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Psychological Knowledge ◽  
Reflexive Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

For the purposes of this book, science fiction is defined broadly in the terms advanced by Darko Suvin, with a focus on the genre from the late nineteenth century onwards. Psychology is conceived as the modern Western discipline, running from the origins of experimental psychology in the late nineteenth century to the ascendance of neuroscience as a disciplinary rival in the late twentieth century. Five different functions for psychological discourses in science fiction are proposed. The didactic-futurological function educates the non-specialist through extrapolation of psychological technologies, teaching within the context of futurological forecasting. The utopian function anchors in historical possibility the imagining of a currently non-existent society, whether utopian or dystopian. The cognitive-estranging function defamiliarizes and denaturalizes social reality by extrapolating current social tendencies and/or construct unsettling fictional analogues of the reader’s world. The metafictional function self-consciously thematizes within narrative fiction the psychological origins, nature, and function of science fiction as a genre. The reflexive function addresses the construction of individuals and groups who have reflexively adopted the ‘truth’ of psychological knowledge.

Globalization as a ‘determinant of the determinants of health’

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-46
Author(s):  
Ronald Labonté ◽  
Arne Ruckert
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Global Health ◽  
International Health ◽  
Health Financing ◽  
Determinants Of Health ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

International health, a concern with the high burden of preventable disease in poorer countries, is long-standing. In late nineteenth century sanitary reforms and early twentieth century philanthropic financing to control infectious diseases in the Americas, this concern also foreshadows more contemporary debates over global health financing and the ‘health securitization’ of wealthier nations against diseases spreading from poorer ones. By the late twentieth century, however, there was a shift in discourse from ‘international’ to ‘global’ health underpinned by the growing awareness that there are inherently global reasons for why some countries are wealthier and healthier, while others remain poorer and sicker. Two different frameworks are used to unpack these causal pathways, in which globalization processes are regarded as meta-determinants of health inequities within and between nations. Although researchers argue that globalization processes have been good for health, others are much less sanguine on this claim.

scholarly journals At your Cervix Madam: a Socio-Historical Study of Cervical Cancer from the Late Nineteenth Century to the Late Twentieth Century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Pamela Hyde
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

<p>This thesis is a socio-historical study of cervical cancer from the late nineteenth century to the late twentieth century. It explores the ways in which discourses have constituted knowledge, social practices and subjectivities in relation to cervical cancer. It also explores the ways in which power has operated on the bodies of New Zealand women. In doing so it criticises orthodox histories of medicine, problematises the knowledge claims of medicine and argues for a sociological account of medical knowledge. In this thesis discourses on cervical cancer have been subjected to a feminist-Foucauldian analysis which reveals their historical specificity and their social location. The gendered bodies of women are placed at the centre of this analysis. This thesis challenges constructionist accounts of medicine which do not pay sufficient attention to the role of gender relations in the construction of bodies. This thesis also develops against feminist theorists a view of women as actively constituting their bodies by responding to and challenging medical discourses whilst at the same time being shaped by these discourses. In this study, cervical cancer is subjected to a sociological analysis which problematises its existence as an unalloyed biological phenomenon. It is argued that women's bodies have been the contested sites for knowledge/power and that the cervix and its diseases have been constituted as variable medical artifacts throughout specific historical periods from the 1890s to the 1990s. The study also shows however, the ways in which women have been active participants in the disciplining of their bodies. In this thesis, the medical profession, state actors and feminists are shown to interact in an interweave of power. In doing so the socially negotiated status of medical knowledge of cervical cancer is revealed.</p>

The LGBTQ Press in Twentieth-Century Britain and Ireland

2020 ◽  
pp. 483-501
Author(s):  
Alison Oram ◽  
Justin Bengry
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Gay Liberation ◽  
Lesbian And Gay ◽  
Local Alternative ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Gay Liberation Movement ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This chapter examines the development of the ‘gay’ press in Britain and Ireland from the late nineteenth century. Early periodicals that directly addressed gender fluidity and same-sex love were privately circulated; caution and secrecy lasted well into the 1960s. Yet at the same time considerable queer content appeared in some mainstream publications, such as fashion, film and physique magazines in the pre-decriminalisation period. More recognisably lesbian and gay publications from the 1960s sought to achieve political and cultural change and to foster social contacts for lesbians and gay men. The Gay Liberation Movement marked a wealth of short- and longer-lived magazines, newspapers and periodicals, while feminism invigorated lesbian activism and publications. Differentiation in content characterises the gay press in the late twentieth century, from glossy arts magazines to political campaign news to specialist pornography. From the 1980s there was a discernible shift towards lifestyle magazines. Regional gay and lesbian magazines also appear in this period, often overlapping with the local alternative press, although censorship and persecution continued alongside the success of the LGBT press. The chapter further identifies the specific development of LGBTQ publications in Scotland and Ireland.

scholarly journals At your Cervix Madam: a Socio-Historical Study of Cervical Cancer from the Late Nineteenth Century to the Late Twentieth Century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Pamela Hyde
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

<p>This thesis is a socio-historical study of cervical cancer from the late nineteenth century to the late twentieth century. It explores the ways in which discourses have constituted knowledge, social practices and subjectivities in relation to cervical cancer. It also explores the ways in which power has operated on the bodies of New Zealand women. In doing so it criticises orthodox histories of medicine, problematises the knowledge claims of medicine and argues for a sociological account of medical knowledge. In this thesis discourses on cervical cancer have been subjected to a feminist-Foucauldian analysis which reveals their historical specificity and their social location. The gendered bodies of women are placed at the centre of this analysis. This thesis challenges constructionist accounts of medicine which do not pay sufficient attention to the role of gender relations in the construction of bodies. This thesis also develops against feminist theorists a view of women as actively constituting their bodies by responding to and challenging medical discourses whilst at the same time being shaped by these discourses. In this study, cervical cancer is subjected to a sociological analysis which problematises its existence as an unalloyed biological phenomenon. It is argued that women's bodies have been the contested sites for knowledge/power and that the cervix and its diseases have been constituted as variable medical artifacts throughout specific historical periods from the 1890s to the 1990s. The study also shows however, the ways in which women have been active participants in the disciplining of their bodies. In this thesis, the medical profession, state actors and feminists are shown to interact in an interweave of power. In doing so the socially negotiated status of medical knowledge of cervical cancer is revealed.</p>

From Baby Farms to Baby M

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviana A. Zelizer
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Technical Innovation ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Exchange Value ◽  
Children In Foster Care ◽  
Poor Women ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This chapter considers the impact of children's changing economic and sentimental value on turn-of-the-twentieth-century baby markets, including profound transformations in the sale and exchange value of “priceless” children in foster care and adoption. Why is it that today's infertile parents eagerly offer thousands of dollars to obtain a baby, but in the late nineteenth century unwanted babies found no buyers? The chapter traces the late-twentieth-century emergence of a controversial surrogacy market. It argues that the socially and morally problematic nature of the surrogacy baby market is not primarily that sacred items are “placed in a contract and sealed by money,” nor even that surrogacy is rigged against poor women. More significantly, surrogacy unequivocally reveals our discriminatory valuation of children. Babies are made on “special order” because children already available on the adoption market are not “good” enough—too old, too sick, or of the wrong skin color. In this respect, surrogacy is only a technical innovation. In fact, it is just the latest stage of a very special adoption market that began in the 1920s.

‘So slide over here’: the aesthetics of masculinity in late twentieth-century Australian pop music

Popular Music ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
GREG YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Music Performance ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Pop Music ◽  
Sexual Anxiety ◽  
Gender Status ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

For Australian men, the very act of appearing on stage has for much of the twentieth century aroused suspicion about their gender status and their sexuality. To aspire to the stage often implied homosexuality culturally in Australia. This has been evident in the evolving aesthetic of white Australian masculinity in pop music from the 1970s onwards. For most of that period, Anglo-Australian males who presented themselves in a rigid, almost asexual way dominated the aesthetic. The reality of urban Australia was ignored in their images, which were essentially confined to outback or coastal Australian settings. This paper examines that development as part of a continuum of twentieth century Australian male music performance that has variously been informed by the bush legend; a mythologised late nineteenth-century Australian masculine image, popularised in The Bulletin under the editorship of Archibald, that saw the urban as the feminine and the rural as the masculine. The paper considers how the combination of sexual anxiety surrounding male gender identity in Australian performance, and this rigid bush aesthetic, have encouraged the development of unstable male gender representations in Australian music that for the most part have come across as either caricatured male, sexless or anti-pop. The exception is the late Michael Hutchence whose performances were a clear departure from this in that on stage and in music videos he conveyed a star persona that was sexually charged and often ambiguous about its sexuality. It is for that reason alone that Michael Hutchence has been referred to as Australia's only international rock star (Carney 1997).

Popular music in the ‘gilded age’: musicians' gigs in late nineteenth-century Washington DC

Popular Music ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 25-47
Author(s):  
Katherine K. Preston
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Sheet Music ◽  
Recorded Sound ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Twentieth Century America ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Music is part of everyday life in late twentieth-century America, due primarily to the technology of recorded sound. We are surrounded by it: we have radios to wake us in the morning and to entertain us while we drive our automobiles, background music on television and in movies, ‘atmosphere’ music in elevators and restaurants, and collections of musical recordings in our homes. Because most of the music heard today is recorded, we assume that the pervasiveness of music in our lives is, indeed, a twentieth-century phenomenon. There is evidence to suggest, however, that music was almost as commonplace for late nineteenth-century urban Americans as it is for us today. The popularity of sheet music and of ubiquitous parlour pianos are obvious manifestations of amateur music making by the generation of our grandparents and great-grandparents. Less well known, however, is the fact that Americans of the latter half of the nineteenth century, especially urban Americans, were in frequent contact with professional performing musicians, who played not only at functions where we would expect to find music but also, as a matter of course, at events with which we do not normally associate music and musicians.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document