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2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucio Luzzatto ◽  
Julie Makani

Rare diseases (RD) pose serious challenges in terms of both diagnosis and treatment. Legislation was passed in the US (1983) and in EU (2000) aimed to reverse the previous neglect of RD, by providing incentives for development of “orphan drugs” (OD) for their management. Here we analyse the current situation in Africa with respect to (1) sickle cell disease (SCD), that qualifies as rare in the US and in EU, but is not at all rare in African countries (frequencies up to 1–2%); (2) paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH), that is ultra-rare in Africa as everywhere else (estimated <10 per million). SCD can be cured by bone marrow transplantation and recently by gene therapy, but very few African patients have access to these expensive procedures; on the other hand, the disease-ameliorating agent hydroxyurea is not expensive, but still the majority of patients in Africa are not receiving it. For PNH, currently most patients In high income countries are treated with a highly effective OD that costs about $400,000 per year per patient: this is not available in Africa. Thus, the impact of OD legislation has been practically nil in this continent. As members of the medical profession and of the human family, we must aim to remove barriers that are essentially financial: especially since countries with rich economies share a history of having exploited African countries. We call on the Global Fund to supply hydroxyurea for all SCD patients; and we call on companies who produce ODs to donate, for every patient who receives an expensive OD in a high income country, enough of the same drug, at a symbolic price, to treat one patient in Africa.


2022 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehana Rehman ◽  
Sundus Tariq ◽  
Saba Tariq

Medical profession deals with human interactions and ability to empathize improves clinical interactions as well as brings out good clinical outcomes. This has led to increasing interest in the importance of Emotional Intelligence (EI) for effective clinical practice. EI integrates the important aspects of interpersonal and intrapersonal relationships to promote self-management skills like adaptability, control of temperaments and tension free states, which have a profound effect on the academic performance of students. There has been substantial evidence proving that being emotionally intelligent can help individuals excel through life transitions starting from school to college, and later into to the working world. There are many studies in the literature that examine the correlation between EI and academic achievement in different education levels which signify importance of EI levels to predict “students who are in need of guided intervention”.


2022 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayu Chen ◽  
Haijiao Ye ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Aihong Li ◽  
Yaohui Ni

AbstractStroke is the most frequent cause of secondary epilepsy in the elderly. The incidence of cerebral stroke is increasing with the extension of life expectancy, and the prevalence of post-stroke epilepsy (PSE) is rising. There are various seizure types after stroke, and the occurrence of epilepsy is closely related to the type and location of stroke. Moreover, the clinical treatment of post-stroke epilepsy is difficult, which increases the risk of disability and death, and affects the prognosis and quality of life of patients. Now seizure and epilepsy after stroke is more and more get the attention of the medical profession, has been more and more researchers have devoted to seizures after stroke and PSE clinical and basic research, and hope to get a scientific and unified guideline, to give timely and effective treatment, but the exact pathophysiologic mechanism has not yet formed a unified conclusion. It has been found that ion channels, neurotransmitters, proliferation of glial cells, genetics and other factors are involved in the occurrence and development of PSE. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis of early-onset epileptic seizures and late-onset epilepsy after stroke, in order to provide a basis for clinicians to understand the disease, and expect to provide ideas for future exploration.


Author(s):  
Yasmin Grant

Communication is one of the most essential skills of the medical profession, however, it is a tool through which sexism and gender discrimination are promoted and reproduced. There is often the perception in medicine and surgery that gender inequity centres on lifestyle, family responsibilities, and childcare issues. However, this chapter highlights that deeply engrained biases in medical communication still exist, and are perpetrated by institutions and individuals, women included. Awareness of gendered language must be raised and highlighted in order to make a change. It is achievable to speak in gender-neutral ways that are inclusive and precise as to not conjure biased attitudes towards women in medicine. Social change must be pursued at the level of the institution, the cultural structure, and at the interactional level of gender.


2021 ◽  
Vol V (4) ◽  
pp. 138-156
Author(s):  
Anastasia Ugleva

This article examines the problem of defining the epistemological nature of evidence in modern medicine through its two interrelated aspects — bias in the collection of data in randomized controlled trials and personal bias of the physician — which form part of the general bias problem in various professional fields. This problem is widely discussed today in the medical community, in which there is no unanimity in understanding what grounds for making the correct clinical decision are considered decisive — randomized controlled trials or the doctor's own clinical experience. In this article, it is interpreted from the point of view of the modern epistemology of virtues, which makes it possible to raise the question of the doctor's responsibility not from the position of professional deontological morality, but from the point of view of intellectual virtue. The virtuous nature of the medical profession lies in the ability of the subject to make responsible clinical decisions in the course of the cognitive process and to find the optimal balance between standardized protocols for diagnosis, prevention and treatment and their own clinical experience, which makes an individualized approach to each individual medical history possible. A standardized approach requires the “grafting” of the hermeneutic experience expressed in a general theory of understanding and interpretation. Against the background of a decrease in the level of social trust in the medical community, the substantiation of individualizing standardization as a methodologically productive way of integrating various cognitive practices is intended to help overcome the limiting abstraction of the epistemological subject in the classical epistemology of medicine and to recognize the productive-heuristic role of the doctor as a subject of cognition.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Findi Nur Witriani ◽  
Yahya Syukri Amrullah ◽  
Fajri Darwis ◽  
Taufiqqurrachman Taufiqqurrachman ◽  
Yusuf Nur Wijayanto ◽  
...  

Microwave imaging, such as images for radiological inspection in the medical profession, is one of the applications utilized in ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency ranges. The Vivaldi antenna is one of the most popular antennas for this purpose. The antenna is utilized because of its simple, lightweight, and compact design, as well as its excellent efficiency and gain capabilities. In this work, we present a high-gain Vivaldi antenna for microwave imaging applications. The proposed Vivaldi antenna is designed using a double-slot structure method with the addition of corrugated edges and a semicircle director aimed at improving the gain. The antenna is designed to operate at frequencies ranging from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. Based on the modeling findings, the suggested antenna attain a bandwidth of 7.5 GHz with operating frequencies from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz for a VSWR of less than two. In comparison to a typical single slot antenna, the suggested antenna provides a substantial boost in gain performance. The increase in gain is proportional to the frequency of operation. The constructed antenna has a lower bandwidth than the simulated one, with operating frequencies of 3.5 GHz – 3.75 GHz and 4.25 – 10.89 GHz, respectively, and useable bandwidths of 250 MHz and 6.64 GHz. All these results suggest that the antenna is suitable for microwave imaging applications.


2021 ◽  
pp. 120-123
Author(s):  
I. V. Bitska

With the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, the only way to learn and communicate with students is distance learning. The aim. Analyze the features of the student scientific circle on surgery in the mode of distance learning in quarantine. Materials and methods. When the pandemic has suddenly spread to all spheres of life, the only way to learn and communicate with students is distance learning. In Ukraine, distance learning is regulated by an order of the Ministry of Education and Science from 31.10.2013 № 1518 "On approval of the Requirements to higher educational institutions and institutions of postgraduate education, scientific, educational and scientific institutions that provide educational services in the form of distance learning to train and improve the skills of specialists in accredited areas and specialties." With the approval of distance learning, the work of the student scientific circle (CSC) "Sharp Scalpel" at the department also went online. The structure of classes during studies in the CSC consists of a theoretical part where students report the results of scientific research from literature sources according to the topics they work on with supervisors, as well as a practical part where they work directly with patients under the supervision of the CSC leader. Some classes are held in the vivarium, where they learn to suture the intestines of animals. Often the structure of practical training in the CSC is not so clear, because in the presence of an interesting clinical case in the hospital or operating room, students are fully engaged in practical work. Results. With the transition to distance learning, the structure of classes in the CSC has undergone a significant transformation - the most important and interesting part for the group has fallen, namely the possibility of contact with the patient. The group members were divided into two groups: Group I – 8 students (25%) - students who, in addition to the practical part of the lesson, are also interested in the theoretical part of the group, who continued to study literature sources according to the topic they received and actively prepared for the scientific-practical conference. Group II-22 students (75%) – those, who lost interest in the CSC, when the opportunity to work with the patient became inaccessible. Another disadvantage of online learning is the loss of society, are the possibility of direct communication between students is lost, the necessary skills in communicating with the patient are not acquired, which is extremely important in the medical profession. Conclusions. In the case of quarantine, distance learning is an important and necessary form of educational process, even in medical schools, but it can not replace live communication between students, with the patient and the teacher. Online learning does not provide a practical part of the CSC work, which is manifested in the loss of interest in classes in the CSC among students.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. p28
Author(s):  
Chantacha Sitticharoon ◽  
Nipith Charoenngam ◽  
Issarawan Keadkraichaiwat ◽  
Pailin Maikaew ◽  
Vasu Lertsiripatarajit

This study aimed to determine factors influencing happiness in preclinical students especially in aspects of teaching and learning, students’ motivation, study habits, and academic achievement. This study was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study. The questionnaire was validated and approved for clarity, readability, rational analysis, and comprehensiveness by the experts. Questionnaires were sent to all second and/or third-year medical students of the 2018 (328) and 2019 (329) classes, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand. Cronbach’s alpha values were 0.886. The data were analyzed by the Statistical Package for Social Science version 18. From open-ended questions, the top 5 ranking factors increasing students’ happiness were teaching of instructors, content satisfaction, content understanding, free time, and handouts. Factors that had positive influences/associations with happiness of preclinical students were happiness in learning subjects taught in a particular year; satisfaction of content, study outcomes, materials, handouts, teaching motivating desire to learn, and applicability of content to medical profession; high motivation to study medicine, expected score, and the percentage of achievement of study targets; less amount of time spent on recorded-e-lecture study and internet for non-academic use; and low stress. Happiness of preclinical students was influenced by satisfaction in teaching and learning, their attitude, study habits, and academic achievement. Further studies on determining students’ happiness after improvement of teaching and learning environments, augmenting activities that enhance students’ motivation, and promoting good study habits among medical students, are required to prove whether enhancement of these factors could effectively increase students' happiness.


2021 ◽  
Vol SI ◽  
pp. 71-83
Author(s):  
Dwi Ratna Kartikawati

The COVID-19 pandemic began to enter Indonesia in early 2020, in this case the responsibilities and obligations of doctors are one of the concerns during the pandemic. The responsibility of medicine from a legal perspective is very diverse and implemented in various countries. In Indonesia, to realize the responsibilities, obligations and rights of the medical profession, it can be done through the fulfillment of a code of ethics that needs to be developed in various conditions. This study used a qualitative juridical research model with a review of legal texts and other supporting literature. It is hoped that this research can provide an overview of how the medical profession responds to the phenomenon of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia and the future prospects for professional development and a medical code of ethics.


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