Inattention and Hyperactivity-Impulsivity: Psychobiological and Evolutionary Underpinnings of ADHD

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan J. Stein ◽  
Jin Fan ◽  
John Fossella ◽  
Vivienne A. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Gene Variants ◽  
Affective Neuroscience ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Inattention And Hyperactivity ◽  
Neuroscience Of Attention

ABSTRACTAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a prevalent and disabling disorder that is characterized by inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity, impairment in executive functions, structural and functional abnormalities in frontal-striatal circuitry, associations with particular catecholamine gene variants, and responsiveness to dopaminergic and noradrenergic agents. There is a growing integration of findings from basic and clinical studies, of data from different methods (eg, genetics and imaging), and of empirical data with hypotheses drawn from evolutionary thinking. Here we briefly summarize work on the cognitive-affective neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

scholarly journals Medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in individuals with or without coexisting autism spectrum disorder: analysis of data from the Swedish prescribed drug register

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoria Johansson ◽  
Sven Sandin ◽  
Zheng Chang ◽  
Mark J. Taylor ◽  
Paul Lichtenstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Prescribing Patterns ◽  
Adhd Medication ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Drug Register

Abstract Background Clinical studies found that medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is effective in coexisting autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but current research is based on small clinical studies mainly performed on children or adolescents. We here use register data to examine if individuals with ADHD and coexisting ASD present differences in the prescribing patterns of ADHD medication when compared to individuals with pure ADHD. Methods Data with information on filled prescriptions and diagnoses was retrieved from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register and the National Patient Register. We identified 34,374 individuals with pure ADHD and 5012 individuals with ADHD and coexisting ASD, aged between 3 and 80 years. The first treatment episode with ADHD medications (≥ 2 filled prescriptions within 90 days) and daily doses of methylphenidate during a 3-year period was measured. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for the likelihood of being prescribed ADHD medication in individuals with and without ASD and Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare group differences in dose per day. Results Individuals with ADHD and coexisting ASD were less likely to start continuous treatment with ADHD medication (ADHD 80.5%; ADHD with ASD 76.2%; OR, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.75-0.86), were less likely to be prescribed methylphenidate, and were more commonly prescribed second line treatments such as dexamphetamine, amphetamine, or modafinil. No group difference was observed for atomoxetine. In adults with ADHD and coexisting ASD, methylphenidate was prescribed in lower daily doses over three years as compared to individuals with pure ADHD. Conclusions The findings indicate that there are differences in the medical treatment of individuals with or without ASD. If these differences are due to different medication responses in ASD or due to other factors such as clinicians’ perceptions of medication effects in patients with ASD, needs to be further studied.

Emotion Regulation and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

2017 ◽  
pp. 113-128
Author(s):  
Blossom Fernandes ◽  
Roseann Tan-Mansukhani ◽  
Cecilia A. Essau
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
The Relationship

Chapter 6 describes emotion dysregulation features which are associated with children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In ADHD adaptive emotion regulation processes are impaired; this negatively impacts the individual’s ability to flexibly select, attend, and appraise emotionally evocative stimuli. This is identified as emotion dysregulation, which occurs when individuals fail to alter emotional states that affect behaviours necessary for achieving one’s goals. This review also examines the relationship between executive functions and emotion dysregulation in ADHD. Successful modulation of emotion occurs as a result of intact executive functions; however, ADHD is characterized by poor executive functions as a result of deficits in the prefrontal cortical networks. Along with describing neural mechanisms associated with ADHD, this review also focuses on the development of emotion dysregulation, clinical implications and current interventions.

Increased serum thioredoxin levels are not correlated with executive functions in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

2019 ◽  
Vol 705 ◽  
pp. 118-123
Author(s):  
Esra Guney ◽  
Dicle Buyuktaskin ◽  
Yasemin Tas Torun ◽  
Burak Arslan ◽  
Ozlem Gulbahar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder
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