scholarly journals Amphetamine Modestly Improves Conners’ Continuous Performance Test Performance in Healthy Adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. MacQueen ◽  
Arpi Minassian ◽  
Brook L. Henry ◽  
Mark A. Geyer ◽  
Jared W. Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Sorting Task ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Continuous Performance ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Vigilance Decrement ◽  
Reaction Time Variability

AbstractObjectives: Amphetamine improves vigilance as assessed by continuous performance tests (CPT) in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Less is known, however, regarding amphetamine effects on vigilance in healthy adults. Thus, it remains unclear whether amphetamine produces general enhancement of vigilance or if these effects are constrained to the remediation of deficits in patients with ADHD. Methods: We tested 69 healthy adults (35 female) on a standardized CPT (Conner’s CPT-2) after receiving 10- or 20-mg d-amphetamine or placebo. To evaluate potential effects on learning, impulsivity, and perseveration, participants were additionally tested on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST). Results: Participants receiving placebo exhibited the classic vigilance decrement, demonstrated by a significant reduction in attention (D’) across the task. This vigilance decrement was not observed, however, after either dose of amphetamine. Consistent with enhanced vigilance, the 20-mg dose also reduced reaction time variability across the task and the ADHD confidence index. The effects of amphetamine appeared to be selective to vigilance since no effects were observed on the IGT, WCST, or response inhibition/perseveration measures from the CPT. Conclusions: The present data support the premise that amphetamine improves vigilance irrespective of disease state. Given that amphetamine is a norepinephrine/dopamine transporter inhibitor and releaser, these effects are informative regarding the neurobiological substrates of attentional control. (JINS, 2018, 24, 283–293)

scholarly journals Stimulus degradation impairs performance in a rodent continuous performance test

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne C. DeBrosse ◽  
Ye Li ◽  
Robyn Wiseman ◽  
Racine Ross ◽  
Sy’Keria Garrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Continuous Performance ◽  
Reaction Time Variability ◽  
Stimulus Degradation

AbstractSustained attention is a core cognitive domain that is often disrupted in neuropsychiatric disorders. Continuous performance tests (CPTs) are the most common clinical assay of sustained attention. In CPTs, participants produce a behavioral response to target stimuli and refrain from responding to non-target stimuli. Performance in CPTs is measured as the ability to discriminate between targets and non-targets. Rodent versions of CPTs (rCPT) have been developed and validated with both anatomical and pharmacological studies, providing a translational platform for understanding the neurobiology of sustained attention. In human studies, using degraded stimuli (decreased contrast) in CPTs impairs performance and patients with schizophrenia experience a larger decrease in performance compared to healthy controls. In this study, we tested multiple levels of stimulus degradation in a touchscreen version of the CPT in mice. We found that stimulus degradation significantly decreased performance in both males and females. The changes in performance consisted of a decrease in stimulus discrimination, measured as d’, and increases in hit reaction time and reaction time variability. These findings are in line with the effects of stimulus degradation in human studies. Overall, female mice demonstrated a more liberal response strategy than males, but response strategy was not affected by stimulus degradation. These data extend the utility of the mouse CPT by demonstrating that stimulus degradation produces equivalent behavioral responses in mice and humans. Therefore, the degraded stimuli rCPT has high translational value as a preclinical assay of sustained attention.

Poorer Wisconsin card-sorting test performance in healthy adults with higher positive and negative schizotypal traits

2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 596-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Gang Chang ◽  
I Hui Lee ◽  
Cheng-Chen Chang ◽  
Yen Kuang Yang ◽  
Si Sheng Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test

Associations between COMTVal158Met polymorphism and cognition: direct or indirect effects?

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 338-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia Krabbendam ◽  
Pilar Isusi ◽  
Paloma Galdos ◽  
Elena Echevarria ◽  
José Ramón Bilbao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Continuous Performance Test ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Gene Interactions ◽  
Reaction Time Variability ◽  
Cognitive Stability ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Attentional Tasks

AbstractBackground:Previous work suggests that reaction time variability (RTV) in attentional tasks, as a measure of cognitive stability, is associated with degree of Val loading in COMT Val158Met genotype, and that this association may be relevant for the aetiology of schizophrenia. This study examined (i) to what degree RTV pertaining to tasks of varying cognitive complexity would be associated with increased risk for schizophrenia and (ii) to what degree this would be mediated by Val loading.Methods:COMT genotyping was investigated in a sample of 23 patients with schizophrenia, 33 first-degree relatives, and 21 controls. All participants performed the Flanker continuous performance test.Results:Schizophrenia liability was associated with number of correct trials of the Flanker test, but not with RTV, and this association was not mediated by COMT Val158Met genotype. Similarly, Met loading was associated with number of correct trials and with RTV, but this was not mediated by schizophrenia liability.Conclusions:Associations between COMT Val158Met genotype and RTV do not appear to reflect transmission of schizophrenia liability in families. Differential associations with Val and Met alleles across studies suggest indirect effects through gene–gene interactions or the influence of a functional polymorphism near COMT Val158Met.

Selective, Sustained, and Shift in Attention in Patients with Diagnoses of Schizophrenia

2002 ◽  
Vol 95 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1087-1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hagh-Shenas ◽  
S. Toobai ◽  
A. Makaremi
Keyword(s):  
Performance Test ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Continuous Performance Test ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Attention Problems ◽  
Continuous Performance ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽  
Sorting Test

Attentional deficits are a prominent aspect of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. The present study was designed to investigate attention deficit in a group of patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia. According to the segmental set theory suggested by Hogarty and Flesher, three aspects of attention problems, selective, sustained, and shift in attention, were studied. The 30 patients hospitalized on three psychiatric wards at Shiraz and Isfahan and 30 normal healthy subjects matched for age, sex, and years of education were administered a computerized Continuous Performance Test, Stroop Color-word Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting test. Analysis showed patients performed more poorly than control subjects on measured aspects of attention. The acute/chronic classification did not predict differences in attention scores between subtypes of schizophrenia, while the positive/negative classification did. Paranoid, undifferentiated, and residual groups by subtypes of schizophrenia showed similar performance on the Continuous Performance Test, but were significantly different on errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting test and on reaction time to Stroop stimuli in the incongruent color-word condition. Patients with paranoid diagnosis performed better than other subtypes on these tasks. Present results suggest that the Continuous Performance Test is valuable for differentiating of schizophrenia spectrum disorder, while scores on Stroop and Wisconsin card sorting may have better diagnostic value for differentiating subtypes of the disorder.

777. Neural Targets of Tolcapone Enhanced Reverse-Translated 5-Choice Continuous Performance Test (5C-CPT) Performance in COMT-Genotyped Healthy Adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (10) ◽  
pp. S315-S316
Author(s):  
Savita Bhakta ◽  
Gregory Light ◽  
Jo Talledo ◽  
Bryan Balvaneda ◽  
Erica Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Test ◽  
Continuous Performance Test ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Continuous Performance

Left anterior cingulate activity predicts intra-individual reaction time variability in healthy adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 22-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth P. Johnson ◽  
Ari Pinar ◽  
Alex Fornito ◽  
L. Sanjay Nandam ◽  
Robert Hester ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Reaction Time Variability ◽  
Individual Reaction

Assessing the Impact of Cognitive Assistants on Mental Workload in Simple Tasks

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Maier ◽  
Vincent Donghia ◽  
Chaoran Chen ◽  
Jessica Menold ◽  
Christopher McComb
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Sorting Task ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Card Sorting Task ◽  
Accuracy Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Cognitive assistants, such as Apple’s Siri or Amazon’s Alexa, are increasingly becoming routine elements of our daily lives, yet the effects of such devices on the humans using them has been largely unstudied. While much research has proposed new intelligent systems for specific contexts, few studies have characterized the dynamics between cognitive assistants and humans. In an effort to address this gap, this research study investigates the effect of cognitive assistants on mental workload. Participants perform the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task while working with a fake cognitive assistant (Mary) and concurrently completing a secondary speed and accuracy test. Performance with the cognitive assistant was found to be higher but with no significant difference in mental workload. Participants working with the cognitive assistant were found to be less frustrated than those completing the task without it.

Executive Functions and Social Cognition in Juveniles Who Have Sexually Offended

Sexual Abuse ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian C. Joyal ◽  
Monique Tardif ◽  
Jo-Annie Spearson-Goulet
Keyword(s):  
Sex Offenders ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Social Problem Solving ◽  
Sorting Task ◽  
Child Victims ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Adult Sex Offenders ◽  
Sexually Offended

Although neuropsychological assessments provide valuable information for those working in forensic mental health, few neuropsychological studies concern persons who sexually offend, particularly juveniles who have sexually offended (JSO). It has been suggested that, contrary to current theories, executive function in JSO, as a group, is no more impaired than it is in juvenile delinquents in general. However, JSO with child victims seem to be more impulsive than JSO whose victims are peers or adults. To verify this potentially important (and unexpected) finding, a sample of adolescent males ( N = 134; 15.6 ± 1.5 years old) that included JSO, general delinquents, and underprivileged nondelinquents was assessed using a battery of behavioral and psychological tests that focus on impulsivity. No difference was found between groups regarding higher order executive functions as measured with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task but JSO with child victims were found to be the most impulsive subgroup as evidenced with the Iowa Gambling Task, the Stop-Signal Reaction Task, and the Impulsive scale of the Social Problem Solving Inventory. They also had the highest number of prescriptions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication. These results, which contradict hypotheses derived from assessment of adult sex offenders, illustrate an important difference between the cognitive profiles of adult and juvenile males who sexually offended. They also confirm that JSO whose victims are children appear to be more impulsive.

Executive functioning in high-IQ adults with ADHD

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 1909-1918 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Antshel ◽  
S. V. Faraone ◽  
K. Maglione ◽  
A. E. Doyle ◽  
R. Fried ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Continuous Performance Test ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Psychological Tests ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Card Sorting

BackgroundTo examine the association between psychological tests of executive functioning and functional outcomes among high-IQ adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).MethodSubjects were high-IQ adults with (n=64) and without ADHD (n=53). Subjects were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests assessing executive functioning.ResultsHigh-IQ adults with ADHD performed less well than those without ADHD on several psychological tests of executive functioning, including the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Stroop Color and Word Test, Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF), California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) and an auditory continuous performance test (CPT). Test performance in the high-IQ adult ADHD group, however, was average. In the entire sample, performance on several tests of executive functioning including the ROCF and the CVLT were significant predictors of real-world functioning.ConclusionsHigh-IQ adults with ADHD perform less well on tests of executive functioning relative to high-IQ control participants. Performance on several tests of executive functioning was a significant predictor of functioning.

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