scholarly journals Did you see that? False memories for emotional words in bilingual children

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Martina Cangelosi ◽  
Francesco Bossi ◽  
Paola Palladino
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
Memory Effect ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Emotional Words ◽  
Vocabulary Skills

Abstract When participants process a list of semantically strongly related words, the ones that were not presented may later be said, falsely, to have been on the list. This ‘false memory effect’ has been investigated by means of the DRM paradigm. We applied an emotional version of it to assess the false memory effect for emotional words in bilingual children with a minority language as L1 (their mother tongue) and a monolingual control group. We found that the higher emotionality of the words enhances memory distortion for both the bilingual and the monolingual children, in spite of the disadvantage related to vocabulary skills and of the socioeconomic status that acts on semantic processing independently from the condition of bilingualism. We conclude that bilingual children develop their semantic knowledge separately from their vocabulary skills and parallel to their monolingual peers, with a comparable role played by Arousal and Valence.

scholarly journals Age-related Differences in Brain Activity during True and False Memory Retrieval

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1390-1402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy A. Dennis ◽  
Hongkeun Kim ◽  
Roberto Cabeza
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
False Memory ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Retrosplenial Cortex ◽  
Age Related

Compared to young adults, older adults show not only a reduction in true memories but also an increase in false memories. We investigated the neural bases of these age effects using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a false memory task that resembles the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm. Young and older participants were scanned during a word recognition task that included studied words and new words that were strongly associated with studied words (critical lures). During correct recognition of studied words (true memory), older adults showed weaker activity than young adults in the hippocampus but stronger activity than young adults in the retrosplenial cortex. The hippocampal reduction is consistent with age-related deficits in recollection, whereas the retrosplenial increase suggests compensatory recruitment of alternative recollection-related regions. During incorrect recognition of critical lures (false memory), older adults displayed stronger activity than young adults in the left lateral temporal cortex, a region involved in semantic processing and semantic gist. Taken together, the results suggest that older adults' deficits in true memories reflect a decline in recollection processes mediated by the hippocampus, whereas their increased tendency to have false memories reflects their reliance on semantic gist mediated by the lateral temporal cortex.

scholarly journals Textual Inference Comprehension in Mild Cognitive Impairment: The Influence of Semantic Processing and Verbal Episodic Memory

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Paula Maziero ◽  
Ariella Fornachari Ribeiro Belan ◽  
Marina von Zuben de Arruda Camargo ◽  
Marcela Lima Silagi ◽  
Orestes Vicente Forlenza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inference Making ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Verbal Episodic Memory

Language complaints, especially in complex tasks, may occur in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Various language measures have been studied as cognitive predictors of MCI conversion to Alzheimer's type dementia. Understanding textual inferences is considered a high-demanding task that recruits multiple cognitive functions and, therefore, could be sensitive to detect decline in the early stages of MCI. Thus, we aimed to compare the performance of subjects with MCI to healthy elderly in a textual inference comprehension task and to determine the best predictors of performance in this ability considering one verbal episodic memory and two semantic tasks. We studied 99 individuals divided into three groups: (1) 23 individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), (2) 42 individuals with non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment (naMCI), (3), and (4) 34 cognitively healthy individuals for the control group (CG). A reduced version of The Implicit Management Test was used to assess different types of inferential reasoning in text reading. MCI patients performed poorer than healthy elderly, and there were no differences between MCI subgroups (amnestic and non-amnestic). The best predictors for inference-making were verbal memory in the aMCI and semantic tasks in the naMCI group. The results confirmed that the failure to understand textual inferences can be present in MCI and showed that different cognitive skills like semantic knowledge and verbal episodic memory are necessary for inference-making.

Creating False Memories of Words With or Without Recognition of List Items: Evidence for Nonconscious Processes

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Seamon ◽  
Chun R. Luo ◽  
David A. Gallo
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
Memory Effect ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
False Memories ◽  
List Presentation ◽  
Semantic Concepts ◽  
Within Subjects

Subjects exposed to lists of semantically related words falsely remember nonstudied words that are associated with the list items (e.g., Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995). To determine if subjects would demonstrate this false memory effect if they were unable to recognize the list items, we presented lists of semantically related words with or without a concurrent memory load at rates of 2 s, 250 ms, or 20 ms per word (Experiment 1, between-subjects design) and 2 s or 20 ms per word (Experiment 2, within-subjects design). We found that the subjects falsely recognized semantically related nonstudied words in all conditions, even when they were unable to discriminate studied words from unrelated nonstudied words. Recognition of list items was unnecessary for the occurrence of the false memory effect. This finding suggests that this memory illusion can be based on the nonconscious activation of semantic concepts during list presentation.

False Memory in Adults With ADHD: A Comparison Between Subtypes and Normal Controls

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 986-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdrabo Moghazy Soliman ◽  
Rania Mohamed Elfar
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
False Memories ◽  
False Positives ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adhd Subtypes ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Critical Words ◽  
Normal Controls

Objectives: To examine the performance on the Deese-Roediger-McDermott task of adults divided into ADHD subtypes and compares their performance to that of healthy controls to examine whether adults with ADHD are more susceptible to the production of false memories under experimental conditions. Method: A total of 128 adults with ADHD (50% females), classified into three Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV-TR) subtypes, were compared with 48 controls. Results: The results indicated that the ADHD participants recalled and recognized fewer studied words than the controls, the ADHD groups produced more false memories than the control group, no differences in either the false positives or the false negatives. The ADHD–combined (ADHD-CT) group recognized significantly more critical words than the control, ADHD–predominantly inattentive (ADHD-IA), and ADHD–predominantly hyperactive-impulsive (ADHD-HI) groups. The ADHD groups recalled and recognized more false positives, were more confident in their false responses, and displayed more knowledge corruption than the controls. The ADHD-CT group recalled and recognized more false positives than the other ADHD groups. Conclusion: The adults with ADHD have more false memories than the controls and that false memory formation varied with the ADHD subtypes.

False memories for morphologically simple versus complex words in English

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Pycha
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
False Memory ◽  
Memory Effect ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Complex Versus ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Activation Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Versus Complex ◽  
Complex Words

Abstract In tasks such as lexical decision, people respond differently to morphologically complex words compared to morphologically simple ones (e.g. in English, lies vs. rise). These divergent responses could conceivably arise from differences in activation levels, or alternatively, from the additional steps required to decompose complex words. To investigate this issue, we used the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory paradigm, which probes activation of lexical representations by measuring the probability of recalling or recognizing a word (such as lies) after listening to a list of its phonological neighbors (such as wise, lose, lime, etc.). Our results showed a significant false memory effect for complex words, which demonstrates that similar-sounding words can activate representations for stem-plus-affix combinations. Our results also showed no significant difference between false memory rates for complex versus simple words, which suggests that complex stem-plus-affix representations activate at levels equivalent to those of simple stem representations. These findings indicate that differences in activation level probably do not lie at the source of divergent responses to complex and simple words, and that decomposition is the more likely origin.

scholarly journals Semantic representations in the temporal pole predict false memories

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (36) ◽  
pp. 10180-10185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Chadwick ◽  
Raeesa S. Anjum ◽  
Dharshan Kumaran ◽  
Daniel L. Schacter ◽  
Hugo J. Spiers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Neural Code ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Semantic Representations ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Temporal Pole ◽  
Semantic Hub

Recent advances in neuroscience have given us unprecedented insight into the neural mechanisms of false memory, showing that artificial memories can be inserted into the memory cells of the hippocampus in a way that is indistinguishable from true memories. However, this alone is not enough to explain how false memories can arise naturally in the course of our daily lives. Cognitive psychology has demonstrated that many instances of false memory, both in the laboratory and the real world, can be attributed to semantic interference. Whereas previous studies have found that a diverse set of regions show some involvement in semantic false memory, none have revealed the nature of the semantic representations underpinning the phenomenon. Here we use fMRI with representational similarity analysis to search for a neural code consistent with semantic false memory. We find clear evidence that false memories emerge from a similarity-based neural code in the temporal pole, a region that has been called the “semantic hub” of the brain. We further show that each individual has a partially unique semantic code within the temporal pole, and this unique code can predict idiosyncratic patterns of memory errors. Finally, we show that the same neural code can also predict variation in true-memory performance, consistent with an adaptive perspective on false memory. Taken together, our findings reveal the underlying structure of neural representations of semantic knowledge, and how this semantic structure can both enhance and distort our memories.

An exploratory study on pro-drop in a written description task in L2 Spanish

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
An Vande Casteele ◽  
Alejandro Palomares Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Language Learners ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Control Group ◽  
L2 Spanish ◽  
Spanish Language Learners ◽  
Description Task ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Written Description

Abstract The present article aims at investigating the pro-drop phenomenon in L2 Spanish. The phenomenon of pro-drop or null subject is a typological feature of some languages, which are characterized by an implicit subject in cases of topic continuity. More specifically, behaviour regarding subject (dis)continuity in Spanish differs from French. This paper will offer a contrastive analysis on subject realisation by French learners of L2 Spanish compared to L1 Spanish speakers. So, the goal of this pilot study is to see if a different functioning in pro-drop in the mother tongue also influences the L2. The study is based upon a written description task presented to the two groups of participants: the experimental group of French mother tongue L2 Spanish language learners and the control group of Spanish native speakers.

REDUCED FALSE MEMORY IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: THE BENEFIT OF SEMANTIC PROCESSING FAILURES

2008 ◽  
Vol 102 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
J. Daniel Ragland ◽  
Pedro Paz-Alonso ◽  
Silvia A. Bunge ◽  
Simona Ghetti
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
Semantic Processing
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