Improving Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Energy-Dispersive X-Ray (STEM-EDX) Spectrum Images Using Single-Atomic-Column Cross-Correlation Averaging

AbstractAcquiring an atomic-resolution compositional map of crystalline specimens has become routine practice, thus opening possibilities for extracting subatomic information from such maps. A key challenge for achieving subatomic precision is the improvement of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of compositional maps. Here, we report a simple and reliable solution for achieving high-SNR energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy spectrum images for individual atomic columns. The method is based on standard cross-correlation aided by averaging of single-column EDX maps with modifications in the reference image. It produces EDX maps with minimal specimen drift, beam drift, and scan distortions. Step-by-step procedures to determine a self-consistent reference map with a discussion on the reliability, stability, and limitations of the method are presented here.

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Weak Transient Electromagnetic Radiation Signal Detection Method Considering the New Watershed Image Segmentation Algorithm

International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence ◽

10.1142/s0218001420540099 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (03) ◽

pp. 2054009

Author(s):

Wenjun Huo ◽

Peng Chu ◽

Kai Wang ◽

Liangting Fu ◽

Zhigang Niu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electromagnetic Radiation ◽

Cross Correlation ◽

Detection Efficiency ◽

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Estimation Method ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Signal To Noise ◽

Long Distance ◽

Transient Electromagnetic ◽

Noise Ratio

In order to study the detection methods of weak transient electromagnetic radiation signals, a detection algorithm integrating generalized cross-correlation and chaotic sequence prediction is proposed in this paper. Based on the dual-antenna test and cross-correlation information estimation method, the detection of aperiodic weak discharge signals under low signal-to-noise ratio is transformed into the estimation of periodic delay parameters, and the noise is reduced at the same time. The feasibility of this method is verified by simulation and experimental analysis. The results show that under the condition of low signal-to-noise ratio, the integrated method can effectively suppress the influence of 10 noise disturbances. It has a high detection probability for weak transient electromagnetic radiation signals, and needs fewer pulse accumulation times, which improves the detection efficiency and is more suitable for long-distance detection of weak electromagnetic radiation sources.

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Cancellation method to improve signal to noise ratio of an electrodeless microwave-biased ZnO single crystal x-ray detector

Review of Scientific Instruments ◽

10.1063/5.0070988 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 93 (1) ◽

pp. 015006

Author(s):

Xiaolong Zhao ◽

Ming Ye ◽

Zhi Cao ◽

Danyang Huang ◽

Tingting Fan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Crystal ◽

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Signal To Noise ◽

X Ray ◽

Noise Ratio ◽

Zno Single Crystal

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Erratum: “Signal-to-noise ratio in x-ray dark-field imaging using a grating interferometer” [J. Appl. Phys. 110, 053105 (2011)]

Journal of Applied Physics ◽

10.1063/1.3662185 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 110 (10) ◽

pp. 109902 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael Chabior ◽

Tilman Donath ◽

Christian David ◽

Manfred Schuster ◽

Christian Schroer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Dark Field ◽

Signal To Noise ◽

X Ray ◽

Dark Field Imaging ◽

Grating Interferometer ◽

Noise Ratio ◽

Field Imaging

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Picking noisy refraction data using semblance supplemented by a Monte Carlo procedure and spectral balancing

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America ◽

10.1785/bssa0770030942 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 77 (3) ◽

pp. 942-957

Author(s):

C. A. Zelt ◽

J. J. Drew ◽

M. J. Yedlin ◽

R. M. Ellis

Keyword(s):

Monte Carlo ◽

Cross Correlation ◽

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Time Shift ◽

Head Wave ◽

Signal To Noise ◽

Seismic Section ◽

Monte Carlo Procedure ◽

Noise Ratio ◽

Refraction Data

Abstract In crustal refraction experiments, the crucial deeply refracted and head wave arrivals often have a low signal-to-noise ratio. A method to aid in the picking of noisy refraction data is presented which is applicable to any branch of a seismic section whose waveform is approximately invariant throughout the branch. The technique exploits the spatial correlation of arrivals and is based on the lateral coherency which results if the refracted arrivals are aligned by applying appropriate time shifts to each trace of the branch. The alignment of arrivals occurs iteratively and is accomplished through a cross-correlation of each trace with the stack of the section of the previous iteration. The iteration yielding the section with the highest degree of lateral coherency (semblance) is used to extract the travel-time pick of each trace. The pick, plus a possible d.c. component, is the negative of the time shift required to achieve arrival alignment. Two modifications can improve the performance of the picking routine. To prevent a cycle skipping problem, a Monte Carlo technique is implemented in which the cross-correlation function is transformed into a probability distribution so that the lag corresponding to the maximum cross-correlation is most probably selected. Second, to increase the coherency of the arrivals, a spectral balancing technique is applied in either the time or frequency domain. The picking routine is applied to both a synthetic and real data example, and the results suggest that the routine can be applied successfully to data with a signal-to-noise ratio as low as one. Also, the Monte Carlo procedure together with spectral balancing increases the final semblance over that obtained with the unmodified method.

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Testing general relativity with the Doppler magnification effect

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society ◽

10.1093/mnras/stz1905 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 488 (3) ◽

pp. 3759-3771 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sambatra Andrianomena ◽

Camille Bonvin ◽

David Bacon ◽

Philip Bull ◽

Chris Clarkson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Relativity ◽

Cross Correlation ◽

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Density Fluctuations ◽

Signal To Noise ◽

Tests Of General Relativity ◽

Velocity Statistics ◽

The Cross ◽

Noise Ratio ◽

Magnification Effect

ABSTRACT The apparent sizes and brightnesses of galaxies are correlated in a dipolar pattern around matter overdensities in redshift space, appearing larger on their near side and smaller on their far side. The opposite effect occurs for galaxies around an underdense region. These patterns of apparent magnification induce dipole and higher multipole terms in the cross-correlation of galaxy number density fluctuations with galaxy size/brightness (which is sensitive to the convergence field). This provides a means of directly measuring peculiar velocity statistics at low and intermediate redshift, with several advantages for performing cosmological tests of general relativity (GR). In particular, it does not depend on empirically calibrated scaling relations like the Tully–Fisher and Fundamental Plane methods. We show that the next generation of spectroscopic galaxy redshift surveys will be able to measure the Doppler magnification effect with sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to test GR on large scales. We illustrate this with forecasts for the constraints that can be achieved on parametrized deviations from GR for forthcoming low-redshift galaxy surveys with DESI and SKA2. Although the cross-correlation statistic considered has a lower signal-to-noise ratio than RSD, it will be a useful probe of GR since it is sensitive to different systematics.

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