The Changing Terrain of Rural Contention in Brazil: Institutionalization and Identity Development in the Landless Movement's Educational Project

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (03) ◽  
pp. 3-26
Author(s):  
Anthony Pahnke

Abstract Studies of the Brazilian Landless Movement, particularly the MST (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra, Landless Rural Workers' Movement), note two periods of collective action: the time when tactics such as land occupations are deployed to acquire land (luta pela terra) and subsequent mobilizations to develop territory (luta na terra). The latter period, which includes fostering educational opportunities and coordinating economic production, features prolonged interaction with government authorities. Instead of demobilizing during institutionalization, this study argues, postoccupation practices are as contentious as seizing territory. This is apparent in the movement's efforts to influence public policies that lead to the creation of schools where a contentious, movement-centered identity develops. Documenting the movement's efforts in education provides a way to understand how the current moment in rural contention in Brazil—called by some the time to acumular forças (accumulate forces)—remains collective and political instead of indicating movement decline.

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Pahnke

AbstractStudies of the Brazilian Landless Movement, particularly the MST (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra, Landless Rural Workers' Movement), note two periods of collective action: the time when tactics such as land occupations are deployed to acquire land (luta pela terra) and subsequent mobilizations to develop territory (luta na terra). The latter period, which includes fostering educational opportunities and coordinating economic production, features prolonged interaction with government authorities. Instead of demobilizing during institutionalization, this study argues, postoccupation practices are as contentious as seizing territory. This is apparent in the movement's efforts to influence public policies that lead to the creation of schools where a contentious, movement-centered identity develops. Documenting the movement's efforts in education provides a way to understand how the current moment in rural contention in Brazil—called by some the time toacumular forças(accumulate forces)—remains collective and political instead of indicating movement decline.


2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (27) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanderleiidalice J. Zacchi

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a maneira como o movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (mST) utiliza os diferentesmodos de produçãode significado e como, nesse processo, é construída sua identidade. A análise será efetuada principalmente a partir de textos impressos, digitais e eletrônicos produzidos pelos sem-terra. Apesar de fazer bom uso das diversas habilidades pressupostas na multimodalidade, o movimento ainda se apoia fortemente no modo linguístico tanto na autorrepresentação quanto na ação social. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: multiletramento, mST, identidade, Internet, mídia. ABSTRACT: This paper aims at analysing the identity construction of the Landless Rural Workers movement (mST) by making use of different modes of meaning-construction. The data provided for analysis are based especially on printed, electronic, and digital texts produced by the movement. Although the mST uses multimodal texts extensively, it still relies heavily on the linguistic mode when engaging in both self-representation and social action. KEYWORDS: multiliteracies, landless movement, identity, Internet, media.


Author(s):  
Gilles Duruflé ◽  
Thomas Hellmann ◽  
Karen Wilson

This chapter examines the challenge for entrepreneurial companies of going beyond the start-up phase and growing into large successful companies. We examine the long-term financing of these so-called scale-up companies, focusing on the United States, Europe, and Canada. The chapter first provides a conceptual framework for understanding the challenges of financing scale-ups. It emphasizes the need for investors with deep pockets, for smart money, for investor networks, and for patient money. It then shows some data about the various aspects of financing scale-ups in the United States, Europe, and Canada, showing how Europe and Canada are lagging behind the US relatively more at the scale-up than the start-up stage. Finally, the chapter raises the question of long-term public policies for supporting the creation of a better scale-up environment.


Author(s):  
Patrick Emmenegger

AbstractInstitutionalism gives priority to structure over agency. Yet institutions have never developed and operated without the intervention of interested groups. This paper develops a conceptual framework for the role of agency in historical institutionalism. Based on recent contributions following the coalitional turn and drawing on insights from sociological institutionalism, it argues that agency plays a key role in the creation and maintenance of social coalitions that stabilize but also challenge institutions. Without such agency, no coalition can be created, maintained, or changed. Similarly, without a supporting coalition, no contested institution can survive. Yet, due to collective action problems, such coalitional work is challenging. This coalitional perspective offers a robust role for agency in historical institutionalism, but it also explains why institutions remain stable despite agency. In addition, this paper forwards several portable propositions that allow for the identification of who is likely to develop agency and what these actors do.


2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-237
Author(s):  
Isabel Edith Torres Zapata ◽  
Omar Vargas Orellana

It is difficult to find cases of technology-based Small and Medium Enterprises in developing countries, however Chile has some within the biotechnology sector. How has this been possible? As a consequence of the different public policies and structural economic conditions that allowed their emergence, especially in the 1990s. This study describes the historical conditions and how they have been able to create a sector within the Chilean economy. From the analysis of secondary data the emergence of this type of company within the country is described. This analysis shows the link between structural conditions and appropriate public policies, meaning that these companies did not emerge by chance. Understanding their development process is crucial to promote the creation of more such technology-based Small and Medium Enterprises, as they have many positive externalities and are more globally competitive.


Percurso ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (30) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Valmir César POZZETTI ◽  
André Fregapani LEITE ◽  
Ana Carolina LUCENA

RESUMO Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar os critérios utilizados para aprovação dos incentivos fiscais as empresas produtoras de agrotóxicos, como objetivo específico analisar quais são os incentivos fiscais concedidos ás empresas produtoras de agrotóxicos, qual o processo e critérios para aprovação destes, verificar o atual cenário e quais as políticas públicas estão sendo implementadas, se o direito à alimentação saudável está sendo obeservado de acordo com a legislação vigente e agências fiscalizadoras, qual a repercussão do uso dos agrotóxicos no meio ambiente, nas lavouras, e quais as consequências do uso dos agrotóxicos na sáude da população. A metodologia utilizada nesta pesquisa foi o método dedutivo; quanto aos meios foi desenvolvida através do método dedutivo/descritivo; quanto aos meios a análise foi a bibliográfica, com uso da doutrina, legislação e jurisprudencia. Quanto aos fins, a pesquisa foi qualitativa. Conclui-se que os incetivos fiscais à produção de agrotóxicos são injustificáveis, uma vez que a concessão desses benefícios não seguem critérios objetivos; que existe uma verdadeira relação feudal do Estado brasileiro e as empresas transnacionais produtoras de agrotóxicos; que o agronegócio brasileiro é totalmente depedente do uso desses produtos, criando uma relação servil; que o discurso utilizado para a concessão dos benefícios fiscais é de que o agrotóxico aumenta a produção agrícola gerando emprego e desenvolvimento econômico, mas as políticas públicas no que tange aos agrotóxicos, são dúbias e obscuras, não há transparência na concessão dos benefícios e nem quais são as empresas contempladas; que a falta de critérios objetivos traz prejuízos a economia brasileira, pois há redução nas receitas tributárias, recursos esses, que poderiam ser investidos em outras áreas, aumentando a margem de lucro das empresas; que os incentivos criam competição desleal entre os alimentos naturais e os cultivados com agrotóxicos, além de contaminar o meio ambiente, trabalhadores rurais e a população de forma indireta; que a concessão de incentivos não possui como critério a exigência da não produção de externalidades negativas que o Estado terá que arcar pelo uso indiscriminado e prolongado dos agrotóxicos. Concluiu-se que é necessário a imposição de critérios para a utilização dos agrotóxicos, transparência no processo de contemplação de isenções, valorização dos alimentos naturais e agricultura familiar, informando a população dos malefícios dos agrotóxicos, e a quebra do paradigma de dependência dos agrotóxicos.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Agrotóxicos; Incentivos fiscais; Empresas.ABSTRACTThe objective of this research is to analyze the criteria used to approve tax incentives for agrochemical companies, as a specific objective to analyze the tax incentives granted to companies, the process and criteria for approval of pesticides, to verify the current scenario and which public policies are being implemented, whether the right to healthy food is being observed in accordance with current legislation and enforcement agencies, what is the repercussion of the use of pesticides on the environment, on crops, and what are the consequences of the use of pesticides in health of the population. The methodology used in this research regarding the means was developed through the deductive, descriptive and qualitative method, through the doctrinal, bibliographical and jurisprudential analysis. As for the purposes, the research was qualitative. It is concluded that tax incentives are unjustifiable, since the concession of these benefits do not follow objective criteria, there is a true feudal relation of the Brazilian State and the transnational companies producing agrochemicals, the Brazilian agribusiness is totally dependent on the use of these chemicals, this dependence creates a true slavish relationship, the discourse used to grant tax benefits is that agrotoxicology increases agricultural production by generating jobs and economic development, but public policies regarding pesticides are dubious and obscure, there is no transparency in the the lack of objective criteria is detrimental to the Brazilian economy, since there is a reduction in tax revenues, money that could be invested in other areas, increase the profit margin of companies, creates unfair competition between food and contamination of the environment, rural workers and the population in an indirect way, and the negative externalities that the State will have to pay for the indiscriminate and prolonged use of agrochemicals do not enter into the criteria for granting fiscal benefits. The solution will be to change criteria for the use of pesticides, transparency in the process of contemplating exemptions, valuation of natural foods and family farming, informing the population of the harmful effects of pesticides, and breaking the paradigm of dependence on agrochemicals.KEYWORDS: Agrochemicals; companies; tax incentives.


Philosophy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-91
Author(s):  
Martin O'Neill

AbstractThe idea of predistribution has the potential to offer a valuable and distinctive approach to political philosophers, political scientists, and economists, in thinking about social justice and the creation of more egalitarian economies. It is also an idea that has drawn the interest of politicians of the left and centre-left, promising an alternative to traditional forms of social democracy. But the idea of predistribution is not well understood, and stands in need of elucidation. This article explores ways of drawing the conceptual and normative distinction between predistribution and redistribution, examining those general categories when considering the roles of public services and fiscal transfers, and looking at the ways in which government policies can empower and disempower different individuals and groups within the economy. This article argues that the most initially plausible and common-sensical ways of drawing the distinction between predistributive and redistributive public policies collapse when put under analytical pressure. It concludes that the distinction between predistribution and redistribution is best seen in terms of the aims or effects of policies rather than a deeper division of policy types, and argues that, once seen in those terms, predistribution is a central concern of social justice.


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