Climate Change Scenarios and the Dragon Fruit Climatic Zoning in Brazil

BACKGROUND:The presente paper aims to compute climatological zones apt for the cultivation of pitaya based on trends in the occurrence of climate change events from the IPCC in Brazil. We used temperature and precipitation data from 4,942 cities collected on the NASA / POWER platform from 1990 to 2020 to elaborate on the current scenario. The climate change scenarios were obtained using the CHELSA platform (Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas) and corresponded to the periods 2041-2060 and 2061-2080 associated with four IPCC climate change scenarios. The spatialization and interpolation of data occurred according to the aptitude classes designed to meet the thermal and water needs of the crop. RESULTS: Forecasts of increase in temperature indices and reduction in accumulated rainfall were found in all Brazil, but with greater impact in the North and Northeast regions, which had the greatest reduction in areas at low risk for the cultivation of pitaya. In the South and Southeast regions, a large part of the areas remained suitable for the production of this fruit until 2080. CONCLUSION:The results suggest that climate change does not benefit the cultivation of pitaya in some regions of Brazil because the dimensions of the areas apt for economic production be restricted.

Derivation of the Optimal Solution for the Economic Production Quantity Model with Planned Shortages without Derivatives

In this paper, we study a reformulation of the Economic Production Quantity (EPQ) problem. We study a more general version of the problem first and derive the conditions for an optimal solution, as well as the optimal solution itself, all without using derivatives. Then, we apply the approach to the reformulated EPQ problem. This version of the EPQ problem has been tackled by a number of researchers, wherein they have derived the conditions for the optimal solution and proposed algebraic derivations. However, their derivations for the conditions, as well as the optimal solution, have been shown to be questionable. Other than being questionable, the existing approaches are so complicated that they defeat the purpose of simplifying the optimization by using a derivative-free approach. We propose a correct and more succinct, much less complicated approach to derive the conditions and the optimal solution without using derivatives.

Study on fine mapping of QTL for juice yield traits of sweet sorghum (Sorghum dochna)

The stem juice yield is a key factor that influences both the biological and economic production of sweet sorghum [Sorghum dochna (Forssk.) Snowden]. To elucidate upon the genetic basis of the stem juice yield, an F₅ population developed from a cross between the low juice yielding Xinliang52 (XL52) and high juice yielding W455 lines, were used in a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. A main effect of the QTL controlling stem juice yield was separated with an SSR marker called Xtxp97, which explained 46.7% of the phenotypic variance. In addition, F₅ and F₆ populations were constructed with XL52 and W452 as the parents to further verify the QTLs, and a significant correlation was found between the juice yield trait and the Xtxp97 marker. Based on the progeny tests of 29 recombinants, QJy-sbi06 was located in a region of about 21.2 kb on chromosome 6, where a candidate gene encoding an NAC transcription factor (sobic.006G147400) was identified. Combining the different population association analysis and sequencing technology showed that XL52 inserted a 1.8 kb transposon in the NAC to directly interrupt and inactivate the juice yield gene. This study also demonstrated that the colour of the leaf midribs was controlled by a single gene and was significantly positive correlated with juiciness (r = 0.784, P < 0.01). These results could lay the foundation for map-based cloning of QJy-sbi06 and provide genes or QTLs for breeding sorghum lines with a high juice yield and quality.

The carbohydrate economy of fruit trees.

Since lack of water is a commonly occurring condition in nature, plants have developed many physiological responses to help them survive periods of water stress. Most of these responses cause changes in the carbohydrate economy of the tree through reduced photosynthesis, tree growth or cropping, but some of these effects can be managed to have minimal impact on overall tree productivity. Whether these responses influence economic production depends on: (i) the processes occurring at the time of a stress; (ii) how important these processes are to tree yield; and (iii) whether these processes rely heavily on the current level of photosynthesis or can use stored carbohydrates, like starch, to compensate for the lack of current photosynthesis in the leaves. This chapter discusses the carbohydrate economy of fruit trees. An outline is provided for how assimilates are distributed and used within a fruit or nut tree.

Scalability of Assembly Line Automation Based on the Integrated Product Development Approach

Product life cycles change, market developments and quantities are increasingly difficult to predict, as is the case in the production of charging stations. For these reasons, scalable assembly concepts with an adaptable degree of automation are becoming increasingly important. Currently, charging stations are still manufactured manually. With increasing quantities, however, manual production is no longer economical. New technologies such as lightweight robotics offer a great potential for making production more flexible in terms of quantity. At the same time, new challenges arise because these requirements must be taken into account from the very beginning of product development and process planning. Currently, there are no planning approaches and recommendations for action that take this into consideration. Therefore, the research project “Simultaneous product and process development of a charging station outlet module suitable for automation” (SUPPLy) develops an integrated, digital and simultaneous product and process development of a modular charging station suitable for automation. The aim of the project is to develop an assembly process which enables an economic production of charging stations in case of fluctuating sales figures. The focus is not only on changes in the production process but also on a product design that is suitable for automation. The paper presents the ideas on a conceptual level.

The Role of Wine Buyouts in the Formation of the Initial Capital of the Russian Entrepreneurship of the XIX century: on the Example of D. E. Benardaki

Introduction. The entrepreneurial activity in history has passed a very long distance in the course of its evolutionary development. At each of the stages of its development, it possessed very specific features and qualities that directly depended on a number of various factors. These factors include: the level of development of productive forces, the nature of various (socio-economic, production, political) relationships, forms of ownership and their changes. Materials and Methods. Comparative historical, chronological and genealogical research methods were used, the principles of objectivity and historicism were observed. Results. By the time the lease system was canceled, the period of initial capital accumulation for the former leaseholders was over. Discussion and Conclusion. One of the main stages in the development of Russian entrepreneurship falls on the first half of the 19th century. At this time, directly related to the beginning and development of the industrial revolution, there was a significant acceleration of the processes of initial capital accumulation. This process was based on various forms and types of trade and intermediary activities within the developing the all-Russian market.

Thermostable Cellulases / Xylanases From Thermophilic and Hyperthermophilic Microorganisms: Current Perspective

The bioconversion of lignocellulose into monosaccharides is critical for ensuring the continual manufacturing of biofuels and value-added bioproducts. Enzymatic degradation, which has a high yield, low energy consumption, and enhanced selectivity, could be the most efficient and environmentally friendly technique for converting complex lignocellulose polymers to fermentable monosaccharides, and it is expected to make cellulases and xylanases the most demanded industrial enzymes. The widespread nature of thermophilic microorganisms allows them to proliferate on a variety of substrates and release substantial quantities of cellulases and xylanases, which makes them a great source of thermostable enzymes. The most significant breakthrough of lignocellulolytic enzymes lies in lignocellulose-deconstruction by enzymatic depolymerization of holocellulose into simple monosaccharides. However, commercially valuable thermostable cellulases and xylanases are challenging to produce in high enough quantities. Thus, the present review aims at giving an overview of the most recent thermostable cellulases and xylanases isolated from thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microbes. The emphasis is on recent advancements in manufacturing these enzymes in other mesophilic host and enhancement of catalytic activity as well as thermostability of thermophilic cellulases and xylanases, using genetic engineering as a promising and efficient technology for its economic production. Additionally, the biotechnological applications of thermostable cellulases and xylanases of thermophiles were also discussed.