2,4,6-Trichlorophenol in a constant ionic strength buffer system for pH range 5.5-6.5

1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert L. Caskey
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Constant Ionic Strength ◽  
Buffer System ◽  
Ph Range

Buffers of Low Ionic Strength for Spectrophotometric pK Determinations

1963 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 572 ◽  
Author(s):  
DD Perrin
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Constant Ionic Strength ◽  
Ultraviolet Region ◽  
Thermodynamic Quantities ◽  
Small Constant ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Low Ionic Strength

Buffers of low and constant ionic strength (I = 0.01), covering the pH range 2.2 to 11.6 at 20�C, are described. Their near-transparency in the ultraviolet region makes these buffers suitable for spectrophotometric pK determinations, and only small, constant corrections are needed to convert the experimental values to thermodynamic quantities.

Adsorption of chlorate and bromate ions on mercury electrodes from constant ionic strength solutions

1988 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 523-527
Author(s):  
M.M. Zuleika ◽  
Palhares SILVA ◽  
Ernesto Rafael GONZALEZ ◽  
Luis Alberto AVACA ◽  
Artur de Jesus MOTHEO
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Constant Ionic Strength ◽  
Mercury Electrodes

Kinetics and Mechanism of Hexachloroiridate(IV) Oxidation of Arsenic(III) in Acidic Perchlorate Solutions

1992 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1451-1458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Refat M. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Fractional Order ◽  
Activation Parameters ◽  
Order Reaction ◽  
First Order Reaction ◽  
Intermediate Complex ◽  
Constant Ionic Strength ◽  
Kinetics Of Oxidation ◽  
First Order ◽  
Kinetics Of

The kinetics of oxidation of arsenic(III) by hexachloroiridate(IV) at lower acid concentrations and at constant ionic strength of 1.0 mol dm-3 have been investigated spectrophotometrically. A first-order reaction in [IrCl62-] and fractional order with respect to arsenic(III) have been observed. A kinetic evidence for the formation of an intermediate complex between the hydrolyzed arsenic(III) species and the oxidant was presented. The results showed that decreasing the [H+] is accompanied by an appreciable acceleration of the rate of oxidation. The activation parameters have been evaluated and a mechanism consistent with the kinetic results was suggested.

Biological characteristics of an enterotoxin produced by Bacillus cereus

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1236-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Spira ◽  
J. M. Goepfert
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Fluid Accumulation ◽  
Ileal Loop ◽  
Receptor Sites ◽  
Ph Range

An enterotoxin synthesized during exponential growth by Bacillus cereus produces fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops, alters vascular permeability in the skin of rabbits, and kills mice when injected intravenously. All activities are eluted simultaneously from a Sephadex G-75 column and are distinct from the hemolysin and egg yolk turbidity factor of B. cereus. The enterotoxin is a true exotoxin. It interacts with intestinal receptor sites in a highly transient manner in the ileal loop system. Rabbit immune serum produced against the culture fluids from one strain of B. cereus neutralized the three biological activities in all other strains tested except strain B-6-ac for which none of the activities were neutralized.Enterotoxin proved to be unstable under a wide variety of conditions; ionic strength was especially critical. Enterotoxin was most stable in a pH range of 5.0 to 10.0, but lost activity rapidly outside this range. Alkylation provided some protection of enterotoxin activity in crude preparations but failed to protect activity during purification procedures. It did not appear to affect critically the enterotoxin molecule itself, since elution profiles on Sephadex G-75 chromatography were unchanged after alkylation.

Speciation of protactinium(V) at tracer scale

2009 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Le Naour ◽  
M. V. Di Giandomenico ◽  
Y. Zhao ◽  
M. Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Distribution Coefficient ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Chelating Agent ◽  
Constant Ionic Strength ◽  
Diethylene Triamine ◽  
Sulphate Chloride

AbstractSolvent extraction in the conditions of tracer scale chemistry was used to study protactinium(V) complexation with sulphate, chloride, oxalate and diethylene-triamine-pentaacetate. Extraction experiments were conducted using the chelating agent thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) in toluene at constant ionic strength and temperature. Information on the species involved in partition equilibria relative to protactinium(V) complexation were deduced from a systematic study of the variations of distribution coefficient of Pa(V) as function of ligands, protons and TTA concentration.

Ethanol stability of casein micelles – a hypothesis concerning the role of calcium phosphate

1987 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Horne
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Buffer System ◽  
Casein Micelles ◽  
Buffer Solutions ◽  
Relative Response ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Ethanol Stability

SummaryThe ethanol (EtOH) stability of skim milk and the stability towards aggregation of casein micelles diluted into ethanolic buffer solutions were compared using data obtained from previously published experiments. Differences in absolute stability and in relative response were observed when Ca2+ level and pH were adjusted, the buffer system results lying below those from skim milk in both cases. Increasing the ionic strength of skim milk adjusted to pH 7·0 lowered its EtOH stability whereas increasing the ionic strength of the diluting buffer increased the stability of the casein micelles. The hypothesis is put forward that the differences are due to the simultaneous precipitation of Ca phosphate when EtOH is added to skim milk. This draws calcium from the caseinate sites of the micelle, counteracting the destabilizing effects of the EtOH towards the micelle. Such removal and the consequent restructuring are kinetically controlled and micellar precipitation in skim milk finally occurs when the micellar coagulation time falls within the time scale of the restructuring reactions.

Open-chain nitrogen compounds. Part XV. A kinetic study of the hydrolysis of 1-aryl-3-aryloxymethyl-3-methyltriazenes and related triazenes

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 2224-2233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Vaughan ◽  
Donald L. Hooper ◽  
Marcus P. Merrin
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constant ◽  
Order Rate Constant ◽  
Buffer System ◽  
Open Chain ◽  
Nucleophilic Displacement ◽  
Ether Oxygen ◽  
Rate Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Electron Withdrawing Group ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Kinetics Of

The kinetics of hydyrolysis of a series of 1-aryl-3-aryloxymethyl-3-methyltriazenes, Ar-N=N-NMe-CH2OAr′, was studied over the pH range 2–7.5. Reactions were followed by the change in UV absorbance spectra of the triazenes. The aryloxymethyltriazenes decompose more slowly at pH 7.5 than the hydroxymethyltriazenes, Ar-N=NMe-CH2OH; the hydrolysis is favoured by the presence of an electron-withdrawing group in Ar′. A mixed isopropanol/buffer system was developed in order to improve solubility of the aryloxymethyl triazenes. Lowering the pH caused an increase in the rate of hydrolysis and under strongly acidic conditions an electron-withdrawing group in Ar′ actually slows down the reaction. A Hammett plot of the pseudo-first-order rate constant, kobs, is curved, indicating that two or more mechanisms operate simultaneously and that the contribution of each mechanism is substituent-dependent. A plot of kobs vs. [buffer] is linear; the slope of the plot affords the rate constant, kb for the buffer-catalyzed reaction for each substituent. A Hammett plot of kb vs. σ is linear with ρ = +0.55, suggesting that the buffer-catalyzed reaction involves nucleophilic displacement of the phenoxy group by the buffer anion. Further analysis afforded the specific acid-catalyzed rate constants, [Formula: see text], for each substituent; this component of the reaction has a negative ρ, consistent with a mechanism involving protonation at the ether oxygen. The postulation that specific acid catalysis is a component of the reaction mechanism was confirmed by the observation of a solvent deuterium isotope effect, 2.28 > kH/kD > 1.60. Only the p-NO2 and p-CN phenyloxymethyltriazenes showed any spontaneous decomposition.

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