Assessment of the Fuel Composition Impact on Black Carbon Mass, Particle Number Size Distributions, Solid Particle Number, Organic Materials, and Regulated Gaseous Emissions from a Light-Duty Gasoline Direct Injection Truck and Passenger Car

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 10452-10466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tak W. Chan ◽  
David Lax ◽  
Garry C. Gunter ◽  
Jill Hendren ◽  
Joseph Kubsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Solid Particle ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Carbon Mass

scholarly journals Comparison of Solid Particle Number Emission of Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles between CVS and Tailpipe Samplings

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 142-149
Author(s):  
Kazuki Nakamura ◽  
Izumi Fukano ◽  
Seiichi Hosogai ◽  
Christos Dardiotis ◽  
Christoph Kandlhofer
Keyword(s):  
Solid Particle ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection

scholarly journals Long-term observations of tropospheric particle number size distributions and equivalent black carbon mass concentrations in the German Ultrafine Aerosol Network (GUAN)

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfram Birmili ◽  
Kay Weinhold ◽  
Fabian Rasch ◽  
André Sonntag ◽  
Jia Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Data Evaluation ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Evaluation Procedures ◽  
Carbon Mass ◽  
Ultrafine Aerosol ◽  
Mass Concentrations

Abstract. The German Ultrafine Aerosol Network (GUAN) is a cooperative atmospheric observation network, which aims at improving the scientific understanding of aerosol-related effects in the troposphere. The network addresses research questions dedicated to both climate- and health-related effects. GUAN's core activity has been the continuous collection of tropospheric particle number size distributions and black carbon mass concentrations at 17 observation sites in Germany. These sites cover various environmental settings including urban traffic, urban background, rural background, and Alpine mountains. In association with partner projects, GUAN has implemented a high degree of harmonisation of instrumentation, operating procedures, and data evaluation procedures. The quality of the measurement data is assured by laboratory intercomparisons as well as on-site comparisons with reference instruments. This paper describes the measurement sites, instrumentation, quality assurance, and data evaluation procedures in the network as well as the EBAS repository, where the data sets can be obtained (doi:10.5072/guan).

scholarly journals Predicting the particulate matter emissions from spray-guided gasoline direct-injection spark ignition engines

2016 ◽  
Vol 231 (6) ◽  
pp. 717-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Leach ◽  
Richard Stone ◽  
Derek Fennell ◽  
David Hayden ◽  
Dave Richardson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Single Cylinder ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions ◽  
Current Production ◽  
Direct Injection Spark Ignition

An index which links the fuel composition to particulate matter emissions (the PN index) was developed and is here evaluated with model fuels in a single-cylinder optical-access spray-guided direct-injection engine; the model fuels have independent control of the double-bond content and volatility, as used in the index. This index is investigated in three different engines: a single-cylinder research engine, a V8 engine recently available in the market and a current-production supercharged V6 engine. A number of market gasolines were tested in all three engines, and the results follow the trends predicted by the particle number index. Imaging of the in-cylinder sprays shows that the composition of the model fuels affects the mixture homogeneity and their particulate matter emissions; in particular, the lack of a light end in the model fuel composition can lead to misleadingly low particle number emissions owing to improved mixture preparation which is unrepresentative of market fuels. The PN index was investigated in a Jaguar Land Rover V6 engine with five different fuels over a simulated New European Driving Cycle, and the results show that the index trends are followed. The emissions were evaluated from two fuels representing the EU5 reference-fuel specifications that has been developed using the particle number index to give a difference in particulate matter emissions. The results from these fuels show that a difference in the particle number emissions of a factor of about 2 can be seen at both stoichiometric conditions and rich conditions, for two fuels representative of the EU5 reference-fuel specifications. This follows trends predicted by the particle number index. This has important implications for policy makers and European Union legislation, where particle number emissions from gasoline vehicles are now regulated for the first time, as batch-to-batch variations in the fuel composition would result in different test results under the current legislation.

scholarly journals Particle number measurements in the European legislation and future JRC activities

2018 ◽  
Vol 174 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-16
Author(s):  
Barouch GIECHASKIEL ◽  
Tero LAHDE ◽  
Ricardo SUAREZ-BERTOA ◽  
Michael CLAIROTTE ◽  
Theodoros GRIGORATOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Particle ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Direct Injection Engines ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
On The Road

The solid particle number method was introduced in the European Union (EU) light-duty legislation for diesel vehicles to ensure the installation of the best-available technology for particles (i.e., wall-flow diesel particulate filters) without the uncertainties of the volatile nucleation mode and without the need of large investment for purchasing the equipment. Later it was extended to gasoline vehicles with direct injection engines, heavy-duty engines (both compression ignition and positive ignitions) and non-road mobile machinery engines. Real Driving Emissions (RDE) testing on the road with Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) for particle number (and NOx) during type approval and in-service conformity testing was recently (in 2017) introduced for light-duty vehicles, and is under discussion for heavy-duty vehicles in-service conformity testing. This paper will summarize the existing legislation regarding solid particle number and discuss the on-going activities at EU level. The main focus at the moment is on improving the calibration procedures, and extending the lower detection size below 23 nm with inter-laboratory exercises. In parallel, discussions are on-going to introduce testing at low ambient temperature, regeneration emissions in the light-duty regulation, a particle limit for other technologies such as gasoline port-fuel injection vehicles, and the feasibility of particle measurements to L-category vehicles (mopeds, motorcycles, tricycles and minicars). A short overview of periodical technical inspection investigations and the situation regarding non-exhaust traffic related sources with special focus on brakes and tyres will be described.

scholarly journals Particle Number Emissions of Gasoline, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Fueled Vehicles at Different Ambient Temperatures

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 893
Author(s):  
Tero Lähde ◽  
Barouch Giechaskiel
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Solid Particle ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Ambient Temperatures

Compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are included in the group of promoted transport fuel alternatives for traditional fossil fuels in Europe. Both CNG and LPG fueled vehicles are believed to have low particle number and mass emissions. Here, we studied the solid particle number (SPN) emissions >4 nm, >10 nm and >23 nm of bi-fuel vehicles applying CNG, LPG and gasoline fuels in laboratory at 23 °C and sub-zero (−7 °C) ambient temperature conditions. The SPN23 emissions in CNG or LPG operation modality at 23 °C were below the regulated SPN23 limit of diesel and gasoline direct injection vehicles 1/km. Nevertheless, the limit was exceeded at sub-zero temperatures, when sub-23 nm particles were included, or when gasoline was used as a fuel. The key message of this study is that gas-fueled vehicles produced particles mainly <23 nm and the current methodology might not be appropriate. However, only in a few cases absolute SPN >10 nm emission levels exceeded 6 ×1011 1/km when >23 nm levels were below 6 ×1011 1/km. Setting a limit of 1 ×1011 1/km for >10 nm particles would also limit most of the >4 nm SPN levels below 6 ×1011 1/km.

scholarly journals Long-term observations of tropospheric particle number size distributions and equivalent black carbon mass concentrations in the German Ultrafine Aerosol Network (GUAN)

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 935-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Birmili ◽  
K. Weinhold ◽  
M. Merkel ◽  
F. Rasch ◽  
A. Sonntag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Data Evaluation ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Evaluation Procedures ◽  
Carbon Mass ◽  
Ultrafine Aerosol ◽  
Mass Concentrations

Abstract. The German Ultrafine Aerosol Network (GUAN) is a cooperative atmospheric observation network, which aims at improving the scientific understanding of aerosol-related effects in the troposphere. The network addresses research questions dedicated to both, climate and health related effects. GUAN's core activity has been the continuous collection of tropospheric particle number size distributions and black carbon mass concentrations at seventeen observation sites in Germany. These sites cover various environmental settings including urban traffic, urban background, rural background, and Alpine mountains. In association with partner projects, GUAN has implemented a high degree of harmonisation of instrumentation, operating procedures, and data evaluation procedures. The quality of the measurement data is assured by laboratory intercomparisons as well as on-site comparisons with reference instruments. This paper describes the measurement sites, instrumentation, quality assurance and data evaluation procedures in the network as well as the EBAS repository, where the data sets can be obtained (doi:10.5072/guan).

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