Evaluation of solid particle number and black carbon for very low particulate matter emissions standards in light-duty vehicles

Portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) for gaseous pollutants were firstly introduced in the United States regulation to check the in-use compliance of heavy-duty engines, avoiding the high costs of removing the engine and testing it on a dynamometer in the laboratory. In Europe, the in-service conformity of heavy-duty engines has been checked with PEMS for gaseous pollutants since 2014. To strengthen emissions regulations with a view to minimise the differences between on-road and laboratory emission levels in some cases, PEMS testing, including solid particle number (SPN), was introduced for the type-approval of light-duty vehicles in Europe in 2017 and for in-service conformity in 2019. SPN-PEMS for heavy-duty engines will be introduced in 2021. This paper gives an overview of the studies for SPN-PEMS from early 2013 with the first prototypes until the latest testing and improvements in 2019. The first prototype diffusion charger (DC) based systems had high differences from the reference laboratory systems at the first light-duty vehicles campaign. Tightening of the technical requirements and improvements from the instrument manufacturers resulted in differences of around 50%. Similar differences were found in an inter-laboratory comparison exercise with the best performing DC- and CPC- (condensation particle counter) based system. The heavy-duty evaluation phase at a single lab and later at various European laboratories revealed higher differences due to the small size of the urea generated particles and their high charge at elevated temperatures. This issue, along with robustness at low ambient temperatures, was addressed by the instrument manufacturers bringing the measurement uncertainty to the 50% levels. This measurement uncertainty needs to be considered at the on-road emission results measured with PEMS.

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Brake Particulate Matter Emissions Measurements for Six Light-Duty Vehicles Using Inertia Dynamometer Testing

10.4271/2020-01-1637 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Carlos Agudelo ◽

Ravi Teja Vedula ◽

Sonya Collier ◽

Alan Stanard

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Light Duty ◽

Particulate Matter Emissions ◽

Light Duty Vehicles

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Characteristics of Particulate Matter Emissions on Diesel Passenger Vehicles Fueled with GTL Based on Real-Road Operating Parameters

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.534.253 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 534 ◽

pp. 253-260

Author(s):

Di Ming Lou ◽

Yi Zhou Zhao ◽

Yuan Hu Zhi ◽

Pi Qiang Tan ◽

Yan Juan Zhu

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Particle Number ◽

Emission Rate ◽

Volume Ratio ◽

Specific Power ◽

Operating Parameters ◽

Emission Characteristics ◽

Mixture Ratio ◽

Passenger Vehicles ◽

Particulate Matter Emissions

An on-board experimental research was made on diesel passenger vehicles fueled with national IV diesel, gas-to-liquid (GTL) fuel and three other different volume ratio of mixed fuel (G10D90, G20D80, G50D50) about the regularity of Particulate Matter (PM) emission characteristics changing with velocity, acceleration and vehicle specific power (VSP). The experimental results show that: PM emission rate increases gradually with higher velocity; acceleration leads to the deterioration of emissions; curves concave at the point when VSP value equals zero. Moreover, the emission rate of particle number decreases 50% to 60% while that of particle mass decreases 30% to 45% when the volumetric mixture ratio of GTL fuel improves. It is obvious that GTL fuel improves the characteristics of PM emission significantly, making it one of the promising clean alternative fuel.

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Regulating particle number measurements from the tailpipe of light-duty vehicles: The next step?

Environmental Research ◽

10.1016/j.envres.2019.02.006 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 172 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Barouch Giechaskiel ◽

Tero Lähde ◽

Yannis Drossinos

Keyword(s):

Particle Number ◽

Light Duty ◽

Light Duty Vehicles

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Aerosol Particle and Black Carbon Emission Factors of Vehicular Fleet in Manila, Philippines

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos10100603 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 603 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Madueño ◽

Kecorius ◽

Birmili ◽

Müller ◽

Simpas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Black Carbon ◽

Public Transportation ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Public Utility ◽

Developing Regions ◽

Physical Measurements ◽

Light Duty ◽

Light Duty Vehicles

Poor air quality has been identified as one of the main risks to human health, especially in developing regions, where the information on physical chemical properties of air pollutants is lacking. To bridge this gap, we conducted an intensive measurement campaign in Manila, Philippines to determine the emission factors (EFs) of particle number (PN) and equivalent black carbon (BC). The focus was on public utility jeepneys (PUJ), equipped with old technology diesel engines, widely used for public transportation. The EFs were determined by aerosol physical measurements, fleet information, and modeled dilution using the Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM). The results show that average vehicle EFs of PN and BC in Manila is up to two orders of magnitude higher than European emission standards. Furthermore, a PUJ emits up to seven times more than a light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and contribute to more than 60% of BC emission in Manila. Unfortunately, traffic restrictions for heavy-duty vehicles do not apply to PUJs. The results presented in this work provide a framework to help support targeted traffic interventions to improve urban air quality not only in Manila, but also in other countries with a similar fleet composed of old-technology vehicles.

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Real-Time Black Carbon Emission Factor Measurements from Light Duty Vehicles

Environmental Science & Technology ◽

10.1021/es401415a ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 47 (22) ◽

pp. 13104-13112 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Sara D. Forestieri ◽

Sonya Collier ◽

Toshihiro Kuwayama ◽

Qi Zhang ◽

Michael J. Kleeman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Black Carbon ◽

Emission Factor ◽

Carbon Emission ◽

Light Duty ◽

Light Duty Vehicles

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Exhaust emissions of particulate matter from light-duty vehicles – an overview and the current situation

Combustion Engines ◽

10.19206/ce-2017-439 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 171 (4) ◽

pp. 227-238

Author(s):

Piotr BIELACZYC ◽

Andrzej SZCZOTKA ◽

Joseph WOODBURN

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Laboratory Test ◽

Direct Injection ◽

Current Situation ◽

Engine Fuel ◽

Fuel Type ◽

Particle Emissions ◽

Test Conditions ◽

Light Duty ◽

Light Duty Vehicles

Emissions of particulate matter associated with the use of light-duty vehicles are an increasingly important topic, with more and more political attention focused on this issue. Now that direct injection Diesel engines feature DPFs, particle emissions from other engine types operating on other fuels are also of great interest. This paper discusses the phenomenon in general, briefly reviews worldwide legislation and emissions limits and presents the results of a laboratory test programme measuring the particle emissions from a range of vehicles. The experimental programme showed that the engine/fuel type has a greater impact on particle emissions than the test conditions.

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