Understanding spatial variability of water quality in estuary systems is important for making monitoring decisions and designing sampling strategies. In San Francisco Bay, the largest estuary system on the west coast of North America, tracking the concentration of suspended materials in water is largely limited to point measurements with the assumption that each point is representative of its surrounding area. Strategies using remote sensing can expand monitoring efforts and provide a more complete view of spatial patterns and variability. In this study, we (1) quantify spatial variability in suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations at different spatial scales to contextualize current in-water point sampling and (2) demonstrate the potential of satellite and shipboard remote sensing to supplement current monitoring methods in San Francisco Bay. We collected radiometric data from the bow of a research vessel on three dates in 2019 corresponding to satellite overpasses by Sentinel-2, and used established algorithms to retrieve SPM concentrations. These more spatially comprehensive data identified features that are not picked up by current point sampling. This prompted us to examine how much variability exists at spatial scales between 20 m and 10 km in San Francisco Bay using 10 m resolution Sentinel-2 imagery. We found 23–80% variability in SPM at the 5 km scale (the scale at which point sampling occurs), demonstrating the risk in assuming limited point sampling is representative of a 5 km area. In addition, current monitoring takes place along a transect within the Bay’s main shipping channel, which we show underestimates the spatial variance of the full bay. Our results suggest that spatial structure and spatial variability in the Bay change seasonally based on freshwater inflow to the Bay, tidal state, and wind speed. We recommend monitoring programs take this into account when designing sampling strategies, and that end-users account for the inherent spatial uncertainty associated with the resolution at which data are collected. This analysis also highlights the applicability of remotely sensed data to augment traditional sampling strategies. In sum, this study presents ways to supplement water quality monitoring using remote sensing, and uses satellite imagery to make recommendations for future sampling strategies.
Spatial Variability of Suspended Sediments in San Francisco Bay, California
