Abstract
BackgroundNitrogen doping and amino-group functionalization, which result in strong electron donation, can be achieved through chemical modification. Large π-conjugated systems of graphene quantum dot (GQD)-based materials acting as electron donors can be chemically manipulated with low two-photon excitation energy in a short photoexcitation time for improving the charge transfer efficiency of sorted nitrogen-doped amino acid–functionalized GQDs (sorted amino-N-GQDs). ResultsIn this study, a self-developed femtosecond Ti-sapphire laser optical system (222.7 nJ pixel−1 with 100-170 scans, approximately 0.65-1.11 s of total effective exposure times; excitation wavelength: 960 nm in the near-infrared II region) was used for chemical modification. The sorted amino-N-GQDs exhibited enhanced two-photon absorption, post-two-photon excitation stability, two-photon excitation cross-section, and two-photon luminescence through the radiative pathway. The lifetime and quantum yield of the sorted amino-N-GQDs decreased and increased, respectively. Furthermore, the sorted amino-N-GQDs exhibited excitation-wavelength-independent photoluminescence in the near-infrared region and generated reactive oxygen species after two-photon excitation. An increase in the size of the sorted amino-N-GQDs boosted photochemical and electrochemical efficacy and resulted in high photoluminescence quantum yield and highly efficient two-photon photodynamic therapy. ConclusionThe sorted dots can be used in two-photon contrast probes for tracking and localizing analytes during two-photon imaging in a biological environment and for conducting two-photon photodynamic therapy for eliminating infectious microbes.
Two-Photon–NIR-II Antimicrobial Graphene-Nanoagent for Ultraviolet–NIR Imaging and Photoinactivation