Three-Dimensional Morphology Control Yielding Enhanced Hole Mobility in Air-Processed Organic Photovoltaics: Demonstration with Grazing-Incidence Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering

A SWAXS (small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering) instrument was recently installed at the wiggler beamline BL17B3 of the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC), Taiwan. The instrument, which is designed for studies of static and dynamic nanostructures and correlations between the nano (ormeso) structure (SAXS) and crystalline structure (WAXS), provides a flux of 1010–1011photon s−1at the sample at energies between 5 and 14 keV. With a SAXS area detector and a WAXS linear detector connected to two data acquisition systems operated in master–slave mode, the instrument allows one to perform time-resolved as well as anomalous scattering measurements. Data reduction algorithms have been developed for rapid processing of the large SWAXS data sets collected during time-resolved measurements. The performance of the instrument is illustrated by examples taken from different classes of ongoing projects: (i) time-resolved SAXS/WAXS/differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with a time resolution of 10 s on a semicrystalline poly(hexamethylene terephthalate) sample, (ii) anomalous SAXS/WAXS measurements on a nanoparticulate PtRu catalyst, and (iii) grazing-incidence SAXS of a monolayer of oriented semiconductor quantum wires, and humidity-controlled ordering of Alamethicin peptides embedded in an oriented lipid membrane.

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GIWAXS-SIIRkit: scattering intensity, indexing and refraction calculation toolkit for grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering of organic materials

Journal of Applied Crystallography ◽

10.1107/s1600576720005476 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 1108-1129 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Victoria Savikhin ◽

Hans-Georg Steinrück ◽

Ru-Ze Liang ◽

Brian A. Collins ◽

Stefan D. Oosterhout ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Materials ◽

Grazing Incidence ◽

Peak Position ◽

Wide Angle ◽

Scattering Intensity ◽

X Ray ◽

Short Learning Curve ◽

X Ray Scattering ◽

Intensity Normalization ◽

Ray Scattering

Grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) has become an increasingly popular technique for quantitative structural characterization and comparison of thin films. For this purpose, accurate intensity normalization and peak position determination are crucial. At present, few tools exist to estimate the uncertainties of these measurements. Here, a simulation package is introduced called GIWAXS-SIIRkit, where SIIR stands for scattering intensity, indexing and refraction. The package contains several tools that are freely available for download and can be executed in MATLAB. The package includes three functionalities: estimation of the relative scattering intensity and the corresponding uncertainty based on experimental setup and sample dimensions; extraction and indexing of peak positions to approximate the crystal structure of organic materials starting from calibrated GIWAXS patterns; and analysis of the effects of refraction on peak positions. Each tool is based on a graphical user interface and designed to have a short learning curve. A user guide is provided with detailed usage instruction, tips for adding functionality and customization, and exemplary files.

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A Review of Grazing Incidence Small‐ and Wide‐Angle X‐Ray Scattering Techniques for Exploring the Film Morphology of Organic Solar Cells

Solar RRL ◽

10.1002/solr.202000337 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (10) ◽

pp. 2000337 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Asif Mahmood ◽

Jin‐Liang Wang

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Organic Solar Cells ◽

Grazing Incidence ◽

Wide Angle ◽

Film Morphology ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Scattering ◽

Ray Scattering

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Analysis of Molecular Aggregation Structures of Fully Aromatic and Semialiphatic Polyimide Films with Synchrotron Grazing Incidence Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering

Macromolecules ◽

10.1021/ma902252y ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 43 (4) ◽

pp. 1930-1941 ◽

Cited By ~ 86

Author(s):

Junji Wakita ◽

Sangwoo Jin ◽

Tae Joo Shin ◽

Moonhor Ree ◽

Shinji Ando

Keyword(s):

Grazing Incidence ◽

Molecular Aggregation ◽

Wide Angle ◽

Polyimide Films ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Scattering ◽

Ray Scattering

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Note: Grazing incidence small and wide angle x-ray scattering combined with imaging ellipsometry

Review of Scientific Instruments ◽

10.1063/1.4738880 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 83 (7) ◽

pp. 076107 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

V. Körstgens ◽

R. Meier ◽

M. A. Ruderer ◽

S. Guo ◽

H.-Y. Chiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grazing Incidence ◽

Wide Angle ◽

X Ray ◽

Imaging Ellipsometry ◽

X Ray Scattering ◽

Ray Scattering

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Superparamagnetic regular nanopillar-like structures studied by grazing-incidence X-ray scattering: effect of vertical correlation

Journal of Applied Crystallography ◽

10.1107/s1600576714008188 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 1065-1076 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Amitesh Paul ◽

Neelima Paul ◽

Peter Müller-Buschbaum ◽

Andreas Bauer ◽

Peter Böni

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy ◽

Grazing Incidence ◽

Magnetic Storage ◽

X Ray ◽

Storage Devices ◽

X Ray Scattering ◽

Magnetic Storage Devices ◽

Vertical Correlation ◽

Ray Scattering

Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering is reported from nanoclusters in superparamagnetic (SPM) polycrystalline Co separated by Au. The self-organization of the Co nanoclusters is in the form of nanopillar-like structures with high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. A distinct signature of regular near-neighbour ordering is observed, which is commonly observed in patterned nanostructures. The estimated cluster sizes corroborate with those estimated from their magnetic field response. Most significantly, the SPM limit for these clusters can be raised to above room temperature (∼325 K) with an increase in the vertical correlation of the nanopillars. The slow response time of these uniform nanomagnetic grains (with respect to a 10 kHz AC field) suggests their possible usage as potential magnetic storage devices in the form of three-dimensional nanopillars.

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