Abstract
Microbial growth in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) depends on a great number of factors, and its control represents a great challenge for management of these engineering systems. The present case study assessed the influence that a pair of factors—water chlorination and flow velocity—had on the biofilms formed in a model DWDS in 626 days. The culturable bacteria number and biomass of the biofilms developed under the flow velocities of 0.3 m/s, 0.5 m/s, 0.7 m/s and 1 m/s were determined during three consecutively applied regimes of water chlorination to 0.05 mg/l (in 380 days), 0.42 mg/l (in 46 days) and 0.14 mg/l free chlorine (in 200 days). The results demonstrated that biofilm formation was a prolonged process directly depended on flow velocity at drinking water chlorination to 0.05 mg/l. The increase in the water chlorination to 0.42 mg/l chlorine resulted in both the reduction in culturable bacteria number and biomass removal, but the bacteria killing and the biofilm removal were distinct processes. The biocide action of chlorine was faster and more effective than its biomass removal effect. The chlorine decreasing from 0.42 to 0.14 mg/l resulted in increasing the biofilm HPC densities, although the biomass removal process was still continuing. The study carried out contributes for better understanding the biofilm behavior in DWDS and demonstrates that biofilm formation could be managed within a DWDS through operational decisions on parameters that can be changed and controlled as flow velocity and chlorination to safeguard drinking water quality.
Exposure to Drinking Water Chlorination by-Products and Fetal Growth and Prematurity: A Nationwide Register-Based Prospective Study
