Phase equilibrium, chemical equilibrium, and a test of the third law: Experiments for physical chemistry

‘Matter from the outside’ focuses on the applications of thermodynamics in physical chemistry. Thermodynamics is the science of energy and the transformations that it can undergo. It plays a central role in understanding chemical reactions. There are four laws of thermodynamics: the Zeroth Law establishes the concept of temperature; the First Law concerns the conservation of energy; the Second Law deals with entropy (a measure of the quality of energy); and the Third Law concerns the absolute zero of temperature. The property enthalpy is explained along with Gibbs energy and free energy. Physical chemists can deploy the laws of thermodynamics, laws relating to matter from the outside, to establish relations between properties and to make important connections.

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Quantification of Biological Resistance: Introducing a Unifying Unit and Scale of Resistance

10.31219/osf.io/s7fm8 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Rudolf Fullybright

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

Living Organism ◽

Pathogen Resistance ◽

Absolute Quantification ◽

Biological Resistance ◽

The Third ◽

Exact Measurement ◽

Unit Function ◽

Third Law ◽

Accurate Quantification

Accurate quantification of biological resistance has been impossible so far. Among the various forms of biological resistance which exist in nature, pathogen resistance to drugs is a familiar one. However, as in the case of other forms of resistance, accurately quantifying drug resistance in pathogens has been impossible up to now. Here, we introduce a mathematically-defined and uniform procedure for the absolute quantification of biological resistance deployed by any living organism in the biological realm, including and beyond drug resistance in medicine. The scheme introduced makes possible the exact measurement or computation of the extent to which resistance is deployed by any living organism regardless of kingdom and regardless of the mechanism of resistance involved. Furthermore, the Second Law of Resistance indicating that resistance has the potential to increase to infinite levels, and the Third Law of Resistance indicating that resistance comes to an end once interaction stops, the resistance unit function introduced here is fully compatible with both the Second and Third Laws of Resistance.

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Comments upon the third law of thermodynamics

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19330415 ◽

1933 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 415-423

Author(s):

V. Njegovan

Keyword(s):

The Third ◽

Third Law Of Thermodynamics ◽

Third Law

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The Third Law of Thermodynamics

10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0012 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Dennis Sherwood ◽

Paul Dalby

Keyword(s):

Absolute Zero ◽

The Third ◽

Third Law Of Thermodynamics ◽

Third Law ◽

The Absolute

The Third Law was introduced in Chapter 9; this chapter develops the Third Law more fully, introducing absolute entropies, and examining how adiabatic demagnetisation can be used to approach the absolute zero of temperature.

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