Production of Butyl Acetate by Catalytic Distillation. Theoretical and Experimental Studies

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 3042-3052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Singh ◽  
R. Hiwale ◽  
S. M. Mahajani ◽  
R. D. Gudi ◽  
J. Gangadwala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Butyl Acetate ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Catalytic Distillation

Production of isopropyl palmitate in a catalytic distillation column: Experimental studies

2006 ◽  
Vol 61 (22) ◽  
pp. 7436-7447 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bhatia ◽  
A.L. Ahmad ◽  
A.R. Mohamed ◽  
S.Y. Chin
Keyword(s):  
Distillation Column ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Catalytic Distillation

Synthesis of N-Butyl Acetate by Continuous Catalytic Distillation with Ionic Liquid [Hnmp]HSO4

2012 ◽  
Vol 468-471 ◽  
pp. 1243-1246
Author(s):  
Jiang Quan Ma ◽  
Xiao Bing Gan ◽  
Ke Nian Wei ◽  
Zhi Quan Hu
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Butyl Acetate ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Reflux Ratio ◽  
Bottom Temperature ◽  
Rectification Column ◽  
Catalytic Distillation ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Catalyst Dosage

N-methyl pyrrolidonium hydrosulfate ([Hnmp]HSO4) was synthesized and characterized. N-butyl acetate was synthesized from acetic acid and n-butanol with [Hnmp]HSO4 as catalyst in a catalytic rectification column 30 mm in diameter and 2.5 m in height. Effects of catalyst dosage, bottom temperature, feeding ratio of acetic acid to n-butanol, feeding method and reflux ratio on esterification and rectification were investigated. Under optimal condition which taking both energy cost and product quality into account: catalyst dosage was 0.5% of feed weight, bottom temperature was 120 °C, mole ratio of acetic acid to butanol was 1:1.2, acetic acid and butanol were mixed and fed above second section of packing, feeding rate was 150 mL/h and reflux ratio was 4, mass fraction of n-butyl acetate in bottom could reach 92.49 %.

Production of Butyl Acetate by Catalytic Distillation:  Process Design Studies

2004 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jignesh Gangadwala ◽  
Achim Kienle ◽  
Erik Stein ◽  
Sanjay Mahajani
Keyword(s):  
Process Design ◽  
Butyl Acetate ◽  
Distillation Process ◽  
Catalytic Distillation ◽  
Design Studies

3-D reconstruction and analysis of mammalian mitotic spindle structure

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 578-579
Author(s):  
Kent McDonald ◽  
David Mastronarde ◽  
Rubai Ding ◽  
Eileen O'Toole ◽  
J. Richard McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Mitotic Spindle ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Mitotic Spindles ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Reconstruction Methods ◽  
Spindle Structure ◽  
Tissue Culture Line

Mammalian spindles are generally large and may contain over a thousand microtubules (MTs). For this reason they are difficult to reconstruct in three dimensions and many researchers have chosen to study the smaller and simpler spindles of lower eukaryotes. Nevertheless, the mammalian spindle is used for many experimental studies and it would be useful to know its detailed structure.We have been using serial cross sections and computer reconstruction methods to analyze MT distributions in mitotic spindles of PtK cells, a mammalian tissue culture line. Images from EM negatives are digtized on a light box by a Dage MTI video camera containing a black and white Saticon tube. The signal is digitized by a Parallax 1280 graphics device in a MicroVax III computer. Microtubules are digitized at a magnification such that each is 10-12 pixels in diameter.

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