Exploitation–Exploration Model of Media Multitasking

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wisnu Wiradhany ◽  
Susanne Baumgartner ◽  
Anique de Bruin
Keyword(s):  
Task Engagement ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Media Multitasking ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Brain System ◽  
Current Perspective ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Exploitation And Exploration

Abstract. Media multitasking has been long considered as a distraction, as something that is inherently negative or irrational. Yet, casual observations and study findings indicate that in the current permanently online, permanently connected society, people still media multitask frequently, sometimes in spite of their knowledge of the costs. In this article, we introduce the exploitation–exploration model of media multitasking (EEMMM), which proposes that media multitasking occurs as a natural part of the waxing and waning of our task engagement: When primary task engagement (exploitation) begins to wane, alternative tasks become more attractive (exploration). In the first part of this paper, we delineate the limitations of the current perspective of media multitasking as a distraction. The second part provides an exposition for our model: What defines behavior exploitation and exploration, and why maintaining an optimal trade-off between the two is important; the everyday, media-related cues for exploiting and exploring; and the neurobiological evidence of a brain system that supports the transition from exploitation to exploration. Lastly, we show how our approach may explain why people media multitask spontaneously and in spite of their knowledge of the costs, and why not all media multitaskers are able to multitask optimally. We conclude the paper with an agenda for future media multitasking research based on the proposed framework.

scholarly journals Real-World Media Multitasking Shows Few Effects on Lab-Based Volitional Multitasking Performance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesus Lopez ◽  
Joseph M Orr
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Real World ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Media Multitasking ◽  
Desktop Computer ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Computer Environment

Media multitasking (e.g., listening to podcasts while studying) has been linked to decreased executive functioning. However, the tasks used to establish this finding do not approximate a real-world volitional multitasking environment. A novel experimental framework was designed to mimic a desktop computer environment where a “popup” associated with a secondary task would occasionally appear. Participants could select the popup and perform a difficult word stem completion trial or ignore the popup and continue performing the primary task which consisted of math problems. We predicted that individuals who are more impulsive, more frequent media multitaskers, and individuals who prefer to multitask(quantified with self-report questionnaires) would be more distracted by the popups, choose to perform the secondary task more often, and be slower to return to the primary task compared to those who media multitask to a lesser degree. We found that as individuals media multitask to a greater extent, they are slower to return to the previous (primary) task set and are slower to complete the primary task overall whether a popup was present or not, among other task performance measures. Our findings suggest that overall, more frequent media multitaskers show a marginal decrease in task performance, including an increased return cost, but those who prefer to multitask show the opposite pattern of effects with some performance measures. Impulsivity was not found to influence any task performance measures. Further iterations of this paradigm are necessary to elucidate the relationship between media multitasking and task performance, if one exists.

scholarly journals Comparison of online and face-to-face valuation of the EQ-5D-5L using composite time trade-off

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruixuan Jiang ◽  
James Shaw ◽  
Axel Mühlbacher ◽  
Todd A. Lee ◽  
Surrey Walton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Engagement ◽  
Health State ◽  
Health States ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Random Intercept ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Trading Patterns ◽  
Value Sets ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to compare online, unsupervised and face-to-face (F2F), supervised valuation of EQ-5D-5L health states using composite time trade-off (cTTO) tasks. Methods The official EuroQol experimental design and valuation protocol for the EQ-5D-5L of 86 health states were implemented in interviewer-assisted, F2F and unsupervised, online studies. Validity of preferences was assessed using prevalence of inconsistent valuations and expected patterns of TTO values. Respondent task engagement was measured using number of trade-offs and time per task. Trading patterns such as better-than-dead only was compared between modes. Value sets were generated using linear regression with a random intercept (RILR). Value set characteristics such as range of scale and dimension ranking were evaluated between modes. Results Five hundred one online and 1,134 F2F respondents completed the surveys. Mean elicited TTO values were higher online than F2F when compared by health state severity. Compared to F2F, a larger proportion of online respondents did not assign the poorest EQ-5D-5L health state (i.e., 55555) the lowest TTO value ([Online] 41.3% [F2F] 12.2%) (p < 0.001). A higher percentage of online cTTO tasks were completed in 3 trade-offs or fewer ([Online] 15.8% [F2F] 3.7%), (p < 0.001). When modeled using the RILR, the F2F range of scale was larger than online ([Online] 0.600 [F2F] 1.307) and the respective dimension rankings differed. Conclusions Compared to F2F data, TTO tasks conducted online had more inconsistencies and decreased engagement, which contributed to compromised data quality. This study illustrates the challenges of conducting online valuation studies using the TTO approach.

scholarly journals Internal states drive nutrient homeostasis by modulating exploration-exploitation trade-off

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica María Corrales-Carvajal ◽  
Aldo A Faisal ◽  
Carlos Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Video Tracking ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Quantitative Understanding ◽  
Exploitation And Exploration ◽  
Exploration Exploitation ◽  
Nutrient Homeostasis ◽  
Nutrient Selection

Internal states can profoundly alter the behavior of animals. A quantitative understanding of the behavioral changes upon metabolic challenges is key to a mechanistic dissection of how animals maintain nutritional homeostasis. We used an automated video tracking setup to characterize how amino acid and reproductive states interact to shape exploitation and exploration decisions taken by adult Drosophila melanogaster. We find that these two states have specific effects on the decisions to stop at and leave proteinaceous food patches. Furthermore, the internal nutrient state defines the exploration-exploitation trade-off: nutrient-deprived flies focus on specific patches while satiated flies explore more globally. Finally, we show that olfaction mediates the efficient recognition of yeast as an appropriate protein source in mated females and that octopamine is specifically required to mediate homeostatic postmating responses without affecting internal nutrient sensing. Internal states therefore modulate specific aspects of exploitation and exploration to change nutrient selection.

scholarly journals Internal states drive nutrient homeostasis by modulating exploration-exploitation trade-off

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Maria Corrales-Carvajal ◽  
Aldo A Faisal ◽  
Carlos Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Video Tracking ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Exploitation And Exploration ◽  
Exploration Exploitation ◽  
Nutrient Homeostasis ◽  
Nutrient Selection ◽  
Automated Video Tracking

Internal states can deeply alter the behavior of animals. Which aspects of behavior change upon metabolic challenges and how these allow the animal to achieve nutrient homeostasis is poorly understood. We used an automated video tracking setup to characterize how amino acid and reproductive states interact to shape exploitation and exploration decisions taken by adult Drosophila melanogaster, to achieve nutritional homeostasis. We find that these two states have specific effects on the decisions to engage and leave proteinaceous food patches. Furthermore, the internal nutrient state defines the exploration-exploitation trade-off: nutrient deprived flies focus on specific patches while satiated flies explore more globally. Finally, we show that olfaction mediates the efficient recognition of yeast as an appropriate protein source and that octopamine is specifically required to mediate homeostatic postmating responses without affecting internal nutrient sensing. Internal states therefore modulate specific aspects of exploitation and exploration to change nutrient selection.

How innovators resolve the exploitation-exploration trade-off? Evidence from the Japanese Pharmaceutical Industry

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Organizational Ambidexterity ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Pharmaceutical Firms ◽  
Deliberate Learning ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
Exploitation And Exploration ◽  
Successful Innovation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Manage Innovation

Successful innovation calls for both exploitation of existing knowledge and exploration of new knowledge, or organizational ambidexterity, but we still know little about how organizations manage innovation by resolving the trade-off relationship between exploitation and exploration. We aim to address this research gap by examining the relationship between an organization’s degree of exploitation orientation and its subsequent degree of organizational ambidexterity. We argue that organizations’ exploitation orientation negatively influences subsequent achievement of organizational ambidexterity because exploitation precludes subsequent exploration. However, this trade-off relationship between prior exploitation and subsequent exploration is attenuated when organizations are characterized by problemistic search, deliberate learning, or by speciation. Accordingly, these organizations’ degree of exploitation orientation more positively influences subsequent achievement of organizational ambidexterity. Our empirical analyses of 32 Japanese pharmaceutical firms’ new product developments over 1991 to 2000 support the argument. Our findings show that organizations may increase their degree of organizational ambidexterity by resolving, rather than circumventing, the trade-off relationship between exploitation and exploration, thereby proposing an alternative explanation of ambidexterity antecedents.

scholarly journals Rats strategically manage learning during perceptual decision making

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Masís ◽  
Travis Chapman ◽  
Juliana Y. Rhee ◽  
David D. Cox ◽  
Andrew M. Saxe
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Reward Rate ◽  
Total Reward ◽  
Learning Speed ◽  
Optimal Reaction ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

AbstractBalancing the speed and accuracy of decisions is crucial for survival, but how organisms manage this trade-off during learning is largely unknown. Here, we track this trade-off during perceptual learning in rats and simulated agents. At the start of learning, rats chose long reaction times that did not optimize instantaneous reward rate, but by the end of learning chose near-optimal reaction times. To understand this behavior, we analyzed learning dynamics in a recurrent neural network model of the task. The model reveals a fundamental trade-off between instantaneous reward rate and perceptual learning speed, putting the goals of learning quickly and accruing immediate reward in tension. We find that the rats’ strategy of long initial responses can dramatically expedite learning, yielding higher total reward over task engagement. Our results demonstrate that prioritizing learning can be advantageous from a total reward perspective, and suggest that rats engage in cognitive control of learning.

scholarly journals Differentiating Active and Passive Fatigue with the use of Electroencephalography

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1285-1289
Author(s):  
Kyle A. Bernhardt ◽  
Dmitri Poltavski ◽  
Thomas Petros ◽  
F. Richard Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Flight Simulation ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Cognitive Fatigue ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Candidate Marker ◽  
Augmented Cognition ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Simulation Task

Desmond and Hancock (2001) proposed that two types of cognitive fatigue can arise depending on the nature of a task: active or passive. The purpose of this study was to use electroencephalographic indices of task engagement and a candidate marker of strain to differentiate these two fatigue states. Participants ( N = 84) performed a generalized flight simulation task for 62 min under either active, passive, or control conditions. Passive fatigue was characterized by reduced EEG engagement and initially elevated and stable ratios of Fz theta to POz alpha power compared to active fatigue. No performance differences were found between the fatigue conditions; however, an overall speed-accuracy trade-off was observed from pre to post fatigue induction. These results support theoretical and empirical distinctions between active and passive fatigue and have potential applications for developing augmented cognition technologies to deliver appropriate fatigue countermeasures in automated operational environments.

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