A Role of Production on E-Commerce and Foreign Policy Influencing One Belt One Road: Mediating Effects of International Relations and International Trade

One Road One Belt has made a drastic change not only to the lives of people but also to their minds and future prospective. This initiative has connected not only countries but has consolidated trading patterns. It has not only impacted physical trade but has also boosted the e-commerce of China. Therefore, this study has tried to find the major patterns of trading across the globe and digital commerce considering the factors of production. China, being the cheapest country for manufacturing, has excelled in the e-commerce as well. The targeted population for this study was contractors, marketers, logistic service providers, and engineers. The sample size in this study was 329. Data collection was done through a survey developed on the Likert scale. The software used for the data analysis was Smart-PLS for structural equation modeling. Findings of the study show that factors of production and international trade have an impact on e-commerce. Moreover, the foreign policy and international relations have also been found to have a significant role in e-commerce (digital entrepreneurship).

Towards an Economic History of the Horse in the Mediterranean Area during the Middle Ages: What Perspectives?

Studying the economic and non-economic exchanges of the horse in the Mediterranean area during the Middle Ages is a recent phenomenon in history. Indeed, while the trade and circulation of many products in the Mediterranean region, notably sugar, for example, have received substantial attention, equids have remained of surprisingly marginal interest. However, many indicators reveal their historical trading patterns as well as other reasons for the exchange of equids throughout the Mediterranean region. Economic, political, military, and diplomatic histories merge to provide precious information which helps to explain the commercialization of this emblematic animal of the Middle Ages. The aim of this paper is to establish an inventory of historical studies about the exchange of horses in the Mediterranean area, and to contextualise the horse as a real object of historical interest within the topics of exchange and movement of commodities.

Hedge Funds and Herding Behavior

This chapter examines whether hedge funds herd, how this herding occurs, and any potential market wide effects. Bringing together the mainstream finance literature and that from a more management and sociological perspective, it is shown that hedge funds herd, although there is some evidence this is less than other large institutional investors. Mechanistically, such consensus trades occur because hedge firms communicate within tight knit clusters of trusted and smart managers, who share and analyze trading positions together. This industry structure is a function of the hyper decision-making environment faced by hedge fund managers, coupled with a desire for legitimization and to maintain reputation. Finally, note that hedge fund herding can have market wide effects either directly via network risk and indirectly, as follower institutional investors amplify hedge fund trading patterns.

Milestone Sistem Perniagaan Karet di Rimbo Bujang Rentang Tahun 1980-2020

Processed rubber material (bokar) is a commodity that has been the mainstay of the Indonesian government. In order to realize the hegemony of production, the government organizes a transmigration program. This is at the same time to overcome the population problem on the island of Java. This qualitative type of research was carried out using the Bogdan and Taylor field approach using time series data. Patton's data analysis process, presented with manageable data. The data interpretation uses ideal types, path dependency and contingency strategies and Neuman's domain analysis. Research in Rimbo Bujang, in the 1980-2020 period, shows that the rubber trading system in the ex-transmigration sites of Jambi Province can be classified into three phases: first, trade between transmigrant farmers and the government. Second, farmers trade with cooperatives and middlemen. Third, farmers trade with middlemen using an auction pattern. Although the transmigration program in Rimbo Bujang was successful, it still left socio-economic problems, triggered by the trade system which tends to ignore Islamic economic principles. Findings in the field indicate that the absence of the state in plantation smallholder commerce contributes to the moral hazard of market participants. The change of plantation varieties from rubber to oil palm in the last decade does not rule out the possibility of repeating the previous cycle of rubber trading patterns.

E-Katalog dalam Pemasaran Barang/Jasa Pada Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah (UMKM) Dalam Masa Pandemi Covid-19

Indonesia is one of the developing countries where economic growth in Indonesia is growing rapidly both materially and non-materially, this need can be in the form of procurement of goods / services. The challenge faced by micro, small and medium agro-industry players (MSMEs) is to maintain growth in local and global markets. With the Covid-19 pandemic this has also affected trade in Indonesia, namely the shifting behavior of trading patterns has changed, which was originally carried out directly (offline), now it is required to be indirect (online) so that the business continues. In realizing the success of achieving the vision in the economic sector at a broader level with the development of technology, especially in the procurement of goods / services quickly, precisely, transparently and efficiently in reaching customers. In Presidential Regulation No. 54 of 2010 concerning Government Procurement of Goods / Services, it is intended to facilitate MSMEs in carrying out marketing of goods / services through the E-Purchasing mechanism with the E-catalog system, to support government procurement in the era of the Internet of Things (IoT) to be aligned. with the changing times with the aim of making the organization more responsive, transparent and accessible so that checks and balances occur. This e-catalog is the government's way of encouraging MSMEs to rise again in the era of adapting to new habits or new normal to overcome the impact of decreased turnover in order to strengthen and empower MSMEs.

Is Establishing a New Partnership Useful Information for Investors in the Smartphone Supply Market?

This study analyzed partner volatility (new, old, revocation partners) and country-specific signal effects (United States (US), Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea) for Apple iPhone parts suppliers from 2007 to 2018. Mid- to long-term stock price movements were also analyzed to define trading patterns by investor type. The results using logit regression analysis revealed that new partners and revocation partners each have a signaling effect perceived as positive and negative information in the short term, and the excess returns by country showed a positive signaling effect in the order of the US, Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan. The findings also suggest that the change in the new partners’ stock price after the preannouncement of new products was useful investment information. Moreover, information asymmetry was found between individual investors, institutions, and foreigners. Results indicate that new partner selection in the smartphone market impacts corporate value and serves as useful investment information.

Part IV Market Institutions And International Capital Markets, 13 Conclusion

This concluding chapter discusses how capital markets are changing, dramatically so. The massive innovation in investment products over the last 30 years is giving way to shifting trading patterns, changing investor profiles, and new forms of capitalism and finance. The dynamics of international markets have changed, even since the Asian financial crisis, when ‘contagion’ entered the financial lexicon. Now, information, investments, and capital can be transmitted instantaneously; so can risk. Indeed, the new markets defy the old rules. Technology pervades everything, giving rise to a new catchphrase, ‘fintech’. As financial markets have become inexorably interconnected, at the same time they appear increasingly disconnected from the real world, the real economy. The chapter then looks at the topography of the new regulatory landscape. The big economies, and their regulatory approaches, will continue to impact strongly international markets. But there are more and more big economies with resurgent capital markets, so the international dynamics will change.

Buy-Side Competition and Momentum Profits

We show that a new measure of buy-side competition explains momentum profits. The momentum quintile spread is 1.11% when competition is low and negligible when competition is high. Better alphas are attained with superior Sharpe and Sortino ratios, with no negative skewness, and in more investible strategies featuring value-weighted portfolios and large capitalization stocks. Stock characteristics traditionally related to momentum do not explain our results. Tests based on long-term reversals, the trading patterns of funds, their style peers, distant funds, and retail investors suggest that slow information diffusion explains the large momentum spreads and momentum reversals in low competition markets.

Comparison of online and face-to-face valuation of the EQ-5D-5L using composite time trade-off

Objective The aim of this study was to compare online, unsupervised and face-to-face (F2F), supervised valuation of EQ-5D-5L health states using composite time trade-off (cTTO) tasks. Methods The official EuroQol experimental design and valuation protocol for the EQ-5D-5L of 86 health states were implemented in interviewer-assisted, F2F and unsupervised, online studies. Validity of preferences was assessed using prevalence of inconsistent valuations and expected patterns of TTO values. Respondent task engagement was measured using number of trade-offs and time per task. Trading patterns such as better-than-dead only was compared between modes. Value sets were generated using linear regression with a random intercept (RILR). Value set characteristics such as range of scale and dimension ranking were evaluated between modes. Results Five hundred one online and 1,134 F2F respondents completed the surveys. Mean elicited TTO values were higher online than F2F when compared by health state severity. Compared to F2F, a larger proportion of online respondents did not assign the poorest EQ-5D-5L health state (i.e., 55555) the lowest TTO value ([Online] 41.3% [F2F] 12.2%) (p < 0.001). A higher percentage of online cTTO tasks were completed in 3 trade-offs or fewer ([Online] 15.8% [F2F] 3.7%), (p < 0.001). When modeled using the RILR, the F2F range of scale was larger than online ([Online] 0.600 [F2F] 1.307) and the respective dimension rankings differed. Conclusions Compared to F2F data, TTO tasks conducted online had more inconsistencies and decreased engagement, which contributed to compromised data quality. This study illustrates the challenges of conducting online valuation studies using the TTO approach.