Wireless signals propagated along global positioning system (GPS) channel are affected by ionospheric electron density irregularities such that GPS signals may experience amplitude and phase fluctuations. The global navigation satellite system (GNSS), ionospheric scintillation, and total electron content (TEC) monitor (GISTM) receiver has been installed at UTeM, Malaysia (2.3139°N, 102.3183°E) for monitoring ionospheric scintillation at several frequencies. In this paper, the GPS ionospheric scintillations are concerned for the dual frequency L1 (fL1 = 1.57542 GHz) and L2C (fL2= 1.2276 GHz). Ionospheric scintillation data has been collected during solar maximum cycle 2013-2014 for six months October 2013–March 2014. Solar activities significantly impact the ionospheric GPS scintillation, especially in the equatorial region where Malaysia is located. The GPS link is analyzed to investigate how the scintillation increases during the solar maximum cycle. When the sun flux is maximum, the total of electrons is increased in the ionospheric layer and the scintillation values gradually become high. The ionospheric amplitude/phase scintillation, carrier-to-noise (C/No) ratio, and availability of GPS satellites are reported in the proposed experimental GPS model. Consequently, for Malaysia, typical threshold received C/No ratio is 43 dB-Hz, implying that C/No ratio should be greater than 43 dB-Hz to receive good signals at the GPS receiver.
Markov Chain‐based Stochastic Modeling of Deep Signal Fading: Availability Assessment of Dual‐frequency GNSS‐based Aviation under Ionospheric Scintillation
