Rainwater and throughfall chemistry in a “terra firme” rain forest: Central Amazonia

Abstract Light intensity above the groundstoreys (120 cm) and inbetween the ground strata of a Riverine forest, a Carrasco forest and a terra firme Rain forest was recorded through two day periods of time in the rain season (April/May) and the dry season (August) of 1969. Measurements were undertaken between 6 a.m. and 18 p.m. in minute by minute intervals (51.840 readings). The relative frequency of light intensity was computed for seven intensity classes and three periods of time per day. The spectral composition of light was determined as relative frequency of light intensities for five filter ranges of wavelengths, seven intensity classes and three periods of time per day. The riverine forest (best light conditions for the undertorey plant communities) and the terra firme Rain forest (worst conditions) developed extremely oposite positions with respect to forest light climate, while the Carrasco forest showed up with a somewhat intermediate character, but with a strong shift to terra firme Rain forest conditions. The spectral composition of light received by the ground strata of all three forest stands was as follows: 1) light intensities peaked in the RG 630 filter range of wavelenths (5.920 Ǻ — 7.500 Ǻ), 2) a secondary intensity peak covered the VG 9 filter (4.420 Ǻ — 6.440 Ǻ) and 3) a less important secondary peak matched the BG 12 filter band (3.500 Ǻ — 5.150 Ǻ). Inbetween the understorey communities, spectral light intensities were pretty low and showed another considerable red-shift.

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Spatial variability of throughfall chemistry in a tropical rainforest (Central Amazonia, Brazil)

The Science of The Total Environment ◽

10.1016/0048-9697(92)90059-2 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 120 (3) ◽

pp. 245-259 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

M. Cristina Forti ◽

C. Neal

Keyword(s):

Spatial Variability ◽

Tropical Rainforest ◽

Central Amazonia ◽

Throughfall Chemistry

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Marked Differences in Butterfly Assemblage Composition between Forest Types in Central Amazonia, Brazil

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12070942 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 942

Author(s):

Isabela Freitas Oliveira ◽

Fabricio Beggiato Baccaro ◽

Fernanda P. Werneck ◽

Thamara Zacca ◽

Torbjørn Haugaasen

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Forest Type ◽

Spatial Arrangement ◽

High Water ◽

Butterfly Species ◽

Terra Firme ◽

Central Amazonia ◽

Forested Areas ◽

Contrasting Habitats ◽

Seasonally Flooded

Amazonia comprises a mosaic of contrasting habitats, with wide environmental heterogeneity at local and regional scales. In central Amazonia, upland forest (terra firme) is the predominant forest type and seasonally flooded forests inundated by white- and black-water rivers (várzea and igapó, respectively) represent around 20% of the forested areas. In this work, we took advantage of a natural spatial arrangement of the main vegetation types in central Amazonia to investigate butterfly assemblage structure in terra firme, várzea and igapó forests at the local scale. We sampled in the low- and high-water seasons, combining active and passive sampling with traps placed in both the understory and canopy. Terra firme supported the highest number of butterfly species, whereas várzea forest provided the highest number of butterfly captures. The high species richness in terra firme may reflect that this forest type is floristically richer than várzea and igapó. Várzea is a very productive environment and may thus support a higher number of butterfly individuals than terra firme and igapó. Most butterfly species (80.2%) were unique to a single forest type and 17 can be considered forest type indicator species in this landscape. Floodplain forest environments are therefore an important complement to terra firme in terms of butterfly species richness and conservation in Amazonia.

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Changes in the floristic composition of a Terra Firme rain forest In Brazilian Amazonia over an eight-year period In response to logging

Acta Amazonica ◽

10.1590/1809-43922002322291 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 277-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

João Olegário Pereira de CARVALHO

Keyword(s):

Rain Forest ◽

Floristic Composition ◽

National Forest ◽

Terra Firme ◽

Permanent Sample Plots ◽

Brazilian Amazonia ◽

Number Of Species

Changes in the floristic composition over an eight-year period in a logged area at the Tapajós National Forest in Brazilian Amazonia arc discussed. Two treatments of different intensities of logging were compared with an undisturbed (control) forest. Data were collected from permanent sample-plots. The effects of logging on floristic composition were stronger in the more heavily logged treatment. The number of species decreased immediately after logging, but started to increase before the fifth year after logging and was higher at the end of the study period than before logging. The more heavily logged plots responded more to disturbances, as judged by the increase in the number of species during the period after logging. This forest appears to recover its initial floristic composition after disturbance without intervention.

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Distribution of Atta (Hymenoptera - Formicidae) in "terra-firme" rain forest of Central Amazonia: density, species composition and preliminary results on effects of forest fragmentation

Acta Amazonica ◽

10.1590/1809-43921988183315 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 18 (3-4) ◽

pp. 309-315 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Heraldo Luís de Vasconcelos

Keyword(s):

Species Composition ◽

Rain Forest ◽

Abundant Species ◽

Forest Fragments ◽

Forest Fragment ◽

Terra Firme ◽

Atta Sexdens ◽

Conservation Areas ◽

Continuous Forest ◽

Leaf Cutting

One hundred and fourteen hectares of a "terra-fiirme" rain forest 70 km north of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, were surveyed for leaf-cutting ant colonies (Atta spp). One half of this area was in isolated forest fragments (surrounded by pastures or second growth) of two sizes: 1 and 10 ha. The other half was in non-isolated fragments (connected to a large parch of forest) of the same sizes. Only two species occured in this forest: Atta sexdens sexdens L. and A. cepfhalotes L. The first was the most abundant species with a mean density of 0.35 colonies per ha. The mean density of A. cephalotes colonies was 0.03 per ha. The density of colonies was not significantly different between the isolated fragments and the continuous forest. Furthermore, the species composition did not change with isolation. However, pre-isolation data and long term monitoring are necessary to conclude that the isolation of a forest fragment has no effect upon Atta colonies. The non-uniform spatial distribution of Atta colonics within the "terra-firme" forest must be taken into account when selecting conservation areas in the Amazon, in order to preserve this important group of ants together with their native habitat.

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The structure of ground beetle assemblages (Coleoptera: Carabidae) at fig fruit falls (Moraceae) in a terra firme rain forest near Manaus (Brazil)

Journal of Tropical Ecology ◽

10.1017/s0266467401001419 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 549-561 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

WILFRIED PAARMANN ◽

JOACHIM ADIS ◽

NIGEL STORK ◽

BURKHARD GUTZMANN ◽

PHILIPP STUMPE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rain Forest ◽

Ground Beetle ◽

Species Abundance ◽

Carabid Beetles ◽

Terra Firme ◽

Stepping Stones ◽

Host Trees ◽

Abundance Patterns ◽

Beetle Assemblages ◽

Abundant Genus

The carabid beetle assemblage found feeding on fig fruit falls at night was studied in a terra firme rain forest near Manaus (Amazonia) from July 1991 to August 1996. A total of 8926 carabid beetles were collected on 64 fruit falls from 10 fig species. The most abundant genus was Notiobia with eight species, N. pseudolimbipennis being the most abundant. The Notiobia species comprised 92% of all specimens collected and all feed on small fig seeds. Their species abundance patterns varied considerably between individual fruit falls and during the course of a single fruit fall. However, the species abundance patterns for all Notiobia at all observed fruit falls for each of the two commonest fig species (Ficus subapiculata, F. guianensis), as well as for fruit falls of the remaining fig species, were very similar. Through feeding and breeding experiments and observations of reproductive success by dissection of females, only two of the eight Notiobia species were found to be specialized fig seed feeders, being able to reproduce only on fig fruit falls. The remaining six species of this genus use fig fruit falls as alternate hosts or ‘stepping stones’ between fruit falls of their host trees, which are widely separated both in time and space.

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Fish assemblages in temporary ponds adjacent to 'terra-firme' streams in Central Amazonia

Freshwater Biology ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01552.x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

pp. 1025-1037 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

VICTOR F. V. PAZIN ◽

WILLIAM E. MAGNUSSON ◽

JANSEN ZUANON ◽

FERNANDO P. MENDONCA

Keyword(s):

Fish Assemblages ◽

Temporary Ponds ◽

Terra Firme ◽

Central Amazonia

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Pouteria kossmanniae (Sapotaceae): a new species from Central Amazonia, Brazil

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.447.4.4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 447 (4) ◽

pp. 265-275

Author(s):

CAROLINE C. VASCONCELOS ◽

MARISABEL U. ADRIANZÉN ◽

JOSÉ LUÍS C. CAMARGO ◽

MÁRIO H. TERRA-ARAUJO

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Urban Forest ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Similar Species ◽

Forest Fragments ◽

Terra Firme ◽

Central Amazonia ◽

Pouteria Macrophylla ◽

A New Species

Pouteria kossmanniae (Sapotaceae, Chrysophylloideae), a new species from Central Amazonia, is here described. It is known from the Manaus region, Amazonas, Brazil, and is found in non-flooded upland forests, known as terra firme. Illustrations are provided in addition to geographic distribution, with a comparison of the morphological and spectral (near-infrared) differences between P. kossmanniae and its very similar species Pouteria macrophylla, Pouteria manaosensis, and Pouteria rodriguesiana. The species is naturally common in some urban forest fragments, but since only a low number of subpopulations is known, we assign P. kossmanniae the preliminary conservation status of “Endangered”.

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