Charakterystyka wczesnej reklamy pandemicznej

The aim of this paper is to examine early pandemic commercials and show the main changes in their focus from the point of view of communication. In terms of the contents, COVID-19 lockdown, heroism of health care workers, social distancing, online learning, remote work, and the strong shift towards online communication are underlined with an enormous stress put on such values as family, helping each other and being together in these difficult times. Characteristic nonverbal components of commercials referring to the pandemic situation include, for example, sentimental piano music, dimmed colours, a specific style of filming, or showing ordinary people as actors. Finally, it is noticed that some ad makers decide to use the sense of humour in their spots. In conclusion, the coronavirus pandemic and its effects can be easily observed on every level of an advertising message.

The Battle for Madrid and the Splintering of Families, 1936–1939

The Spanish Civil War displaced and split families, destroyed support networks, forced families into poverty, and led to a surge in family disputes. As a result, child removal and separation became the lot of much greater numbers of people. Widows of husbands lost to violence behind the lines formed one highly vulnerable group. Refugees and evacuees also frequently found their families split apart and poor families proved especially at risk. The mass evacuation of children also led to a surge in custody disputes. Despite the disruption of the war, the Madrid Juvenile Court pressed ahead with its work and many of its conservative members continued to exert a hold over the institution despite a strong shift in sentiment towards the left during the conflict. These officials continued to enforce traditional notions of morality and gender roles and savvy relatives could exploit this situation in custody disputes.

Land use and climate change effects on water yield from East African forested water towers

East African forested mountain regions are vital in generating and supplying water resources to adjacent arid and semi-arid lowlands. However, these ecosystems are under pressure from both climate and land use changes. This study aimed to analyze the effects of climate and land use changes on water yield using the Budyko framework as a first-order conceptual framework assuming steady-state for pristine/protected forested areas. For nine selected forested water towers in East Africa, the amount and distribution of water resources and their decadal changes were analyzed. Results show that most areas inside and outside the water towers are under pressure from human influences. Water yield was more sensitive to climate changes compared to land use changes within the selected East African water towers themselves. However, for the surrounding lowlands, the effects of land use changes had greater impacts on water yield. We conclude that the East African water towers have seen a strong shift towards wetter conditions, especially in the period of 2011–2019, while, at the same time, the potential evapotranspiration is gradually increasing. Given that most of the water towers were identified as non-resilient to these changes, future water yield is likely to also experience more extreme variations.

Some Results and Examples on The Relation of Leray Equivalent and (Strong) Shift Equivalent

Using the concept of Leray functor and the way it is used to define the Cohomological Conley index, we define Leray equivalent, Leray shift equivalent, Leray elementary strong shift equivalent and Leray strong shift equivalent. We established their relationship with shift equivalent, strong shift equivalent and elementary strong shift equivalent. Then, we show that in the setting of Artinian and Noetherian module Leray equivalent implies strong shift equivalent.

The impact of Covid-19 on coworking spaces: evidence from Germany

Purpose Prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, the German coworking industry has grown rapidly as one of the fastest-growing coworking markets globally. The pandemic, however, has brought the industry to an abrupt halt. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to explore the impact the pandemic has had so far on German coworking spaces. Design/methodology/approach Using an online questionnaire, quantitative data from 38 coworking space owners, operators and employees of a total of 77 spaces in Germany has been collected regarding their situation before, during and after the peak of the first wave of the pandemic from Spring until Summer 2020. The data has been analyzed using descriptive statistics. Findings The reported income losses significantly outweigh a decrease in costs of the spaces. Nevertheless, the member base seems rather unaffected, and coworking spaces are exploring adaptations to their businesses with a strong shift to the digital environment. Fear of re-imposed governmental restrictions is evident, as well as justified with a looming second infection wave. Research limitations/implications Due to the sample size, the data may lack generalizability. Therefore, recommendations for future research are provided. Originality/value Data on the impact of the pandemic on coworking spaces is scarce. This paper provides a first necessary overview for the industry as well as the academic field to allow for action to be taken.

Supply Management 2.0: A Policy Assessment and a Possible Roadmap for the Canadian Dairy Sector

Many believe the current Canadian Dairy supply management system is outdated. Examining a recent consumer survey suggests consumers, especially among the younger generations, have mixed feelings about how the Canadian dairy industry is good for the environment or whether animals in the sector are humanely treated. The general Canadian public strongly supports financial stability for farmers, though is not fully educated about how supply management works. Issues regarding the centralization and amalgamation of the industry, making many regions underserved; recent milk dumping due to a strong shift in demand caused by COVID-19; and the popularity of dairy alternatives, show that the dairy sector in Canada is ill-prepared for major change. Dairy farmers are receiving compensation for trade deals recently ratified by the federal government, creating a precedent that will lead to an overcapitalized industry. The aim of this paper is to review the industry’s current state and suggest a roadmap for a more prosperous future.

Drivers’ Attention Strategies before Eyes-off-Road in Different Traffic Scenarios: Adaptation and Anticipation

The distribution of drivers’ visual attention prior to diverting focus from the driving task is critical for safety. The object of this study is to investigate drivers’ attention strategy before they occlude their vision for different durations under different driving scenarios. A total of 3 (scenarios) × 3 (durations) within-subjects design was applied. Twenty-three participants completed three durations of occlusion (0, 1, and 2 s) test drive in a motion-based driving simulator under three scenarios (urban, rural, motorway). Drivers’ occlusion behaviour, driving behaviour, and visual behaviour in 6 s before occlusion was analyzed and compared. The results showed that drivers tended to slow down and increased their attention on driving task to keep safety in occlusion 2 s condition. The distribution of attention differed among different driving scenarios and occlusion durations. More attention was directed to Forward position and Speedometer in occlusion conditions, and a strong shift in attention from Forward position to Road users and Speedometer was found in occlusion 2 s condition. Road users was glanced more frequently in urban road with a higher percentage of attention transitions from Forward position to Road users. While gaze switching to Speedometer with a higher intensity was found on motorway. It suggests that drivers could adapt their visual attention to driving demand and anticipate the development of upcoming situations by sampling enough driving-related information before eyes-off-road. Moreover, the adaptation and anticipation are in accordance with driving situation and expected eyes-off-road duration. Better knowledge about attentional strategies before attention away from road contributes to more efficient and safe interaction with additional tasks.

Past and future snowmelt trends in the Swiss Alps: the role of temperature and snowpack

The start of the growing season for alpine plants is primarily determined by the date of snowmelt. We analysed time series of snow depth at 23 manually operated and 15 automatic (IMIS) stations between 1055 and 2555 m asl in the Swiss Central Alps. Between 1958 and 2019, snowmelt dates occurred 2.8 ± 1.3 days earlier in the year per decade, with a strong shift towards earlier snowmelt dates during the late 1980s and early 1990s, but non-significant trends thereafter. Snowmelt dates at high-elevation automatic stations strongly correlated with snowmelt dates at lower-elevation manual stations. At all elevations, snowmelt dates strongly depended on spring air temperatures. More specifically, 44% of the variance in snowmelt dates was explained by the first day when a three-week running mean of daily air temperatures passed a 5 °C threshold. The mean winter snow depth accounted for 30% of the variance. We adopted the effects of air temperature and snowpack height to Swiss climate change scenarios to explore likely snowmelt trends throughout the twenty-first century. Under a high-emission scenario (RCP8.5), we simulated snowmelt dates to advance by 6 days per decade by the end of the century. By then, snowmelt dates could occur one month earlier than during the reference periods (1990–2019 and 2000–2019). Such early snowmelt may extend the alpine growing season by one third of its current duration while exposing alpine plants to shorter daylengths and adding a higher risk of freezing damage.

ANALYSIS OF OSMOLALITY AND ISOHYDRICITY OF EYE DROPS OF EXTEMPORANEOUS MANUFACTURE

Aim. Analysis of osmolality and isohydricity of eye drops of extemporaneous manufacture for compliance with the requirements of the normative documents. Materials and Methods. The object of study was eye drops of extemporaneous manufacture according to formulations and technologies of the normative documents. To control determination of the permissible limits of osmolality, model eye drops with sodium chloride at concentration of 0.6%, 0.9%, 2.0% were manufactured. Osmolality of the eye drops was determined by a pharmacopeian method using МТ-5 thermoelectric milliosmometracryoscope. pH was measured by a method of ionometry using HANNA microprocessor pH/C meter. The results were statistically processed. Results. It was found that eye drops 2%, 3% collargol and 1% sodium thiosulfate solution do not comply with the normative parameters by osmolality. Such drops as 0.2% ascorbic acid; combined eye drops containing riboflavin, ascorbic acid and boric acid; riboflavin, ascorbic acid and glucose did not comply with the normative parameters by pH value. These drops have a strong shift of pH towards acidity. The value of pH was below 3.5. On the contrary, eye drops containing sodium hydrocarbonate, sodium tetraborate have an exceeding shift towards alkalinity with pH more than 8.5. Thus, the conducted study showed the necessity of introduction of certain changes to the composition of the above mentioned eye drops after consultation with ophthalmologists. Conclusion. In the work, technological and analytical study of osmolality and isohydricity of some official compositions of eye drops encountered in extemporaneous manufacture, was conducted. Using modern pharmacopeian methods, the mentioned parameters of eye drops were determined and compared with the normative parameters recommended by the governmental quality standards of General Pharmacopeia Monograph (GPM) «Ophthalmic Dosage Forms», and the necessity for correction of certain formulations of eye drops is shown.

Land-use and climate change effects on water yield from East African Forested Water Towers

East-African forested mountain regions are vital in generating and supplying water resources to adjacent arid and semi-arid lowlands. However, these ecosystems are under pressure from both climate and land-use changes. This study aimed to analyze the effects of climate and land-use changes on water yield using the Budyko conceptual framework. For 9 selected forested water towers in East Africa, the amount and distribution of water resources and their decadal changes were analyzed. Results show that most areas inside and outside the water towers are under pressure from human influences. Water yield was observed to be more sensitive to climate changes compared to land-use changes within the selected East African water towers themselves. However, for the surrounding lowlands, the effects of land-use changes have greater impacts on water yield. We conclude that the East-African water towers have seen a strong shift towards wetter conditions, especially in the period of 2011–2019 while at the same time, the atmospheric demand is gradually increasing. Given that majority of the water towers were identified as non-resilient to these changes, future water yield is likely to also experience more extreme variations.