Pigments in mesocotyls of corn (Zea mays) and oats (Avena sativa) in darkness, and after irradiation and treatment with 5-aminolevulinic acid

1996 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 714-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemming I. Virgin
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid

scholarly journals Consumo alimentar comparativo de larvas de Phytalus sanctipauli Blanch. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-228
Author(s):  
Régis S. S. dos Santos ◽  
Lúcia M. G. Diefenbach ◽  
Luiza R. Redaelli ◽  
Dirceu N. Gassen
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Avena Sativa

O consumo alimentar de larvas de 3º estádio de Phytalus sanctipauli Blanch. foi estudado em laboratório. Os insetos foram criados individualmente e alimentados com aveia (Avena sativa), milho (Zea mays) ou trigo (Triticum aestivum) ou com as três espécies juntas. A quantidade (massa seca) ingerida de raiz e semente, respectivamente, foi maior em trigo (28,5 mg), menor em aveia (16,4 mg) e intermediária no milho (22,6 mg). O consumo de folha foi semelhante em aveia (18,2 mg) e trigo (19,8 mg) e significativamente superior ao de milho (2,1 mg). Avaliando-se a plântula como um todo, o consumo de trigo foi superior tanto quando as espécies vegetais foram oferecidas isoladamente (89,8 mg) quanto em conjunto (56,9 mg). O peso fresco médio das larvas ao término da alimentação foi maior em trigo (100,2 mg) e milho (102,2 mg) do que em aveia (85,9 mg). O número médio de plantas destruído por larva foi marcadamente maior em trigo e aveia (27,4 e 24,9, respectivamente) comparado com milho (0,9).

scholarly journals Pastejo e adubação nitrogenada sobre os atributos físicos do solo em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1019-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veruschka R. M. Andreolla ◽  
Aníbal de Moraes ◽  
Amadeu Bona Filho ◽  
Decio L. Cardoso ◽  
Edilson B. de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum

RESUMO O sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária (SILP) é uma alternativa que vem atraindo grande interesse dos agricultores nas regiões produtoras de grãos, devido ao suporte à pecuária por meio da produção de alimento, além de melhoria nas propriedades físicas do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do pastejo e da adubação nitrogenada em atributos físicos do solo e na produtividade da cultura do milho, em um sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas as doses de nitrogênio, e as subparcelas, a presença e ausência de pastejo. Foram utilizadas três repetições por tratamento. Os tratamentos foram doses de nitrogênio de 0; 75; 150 e 225 kg ha-1 aplicados na pastagem de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) e aveia-branca (Avena sativa Lam.) no inverno. Posteriormente à pastagem, foi implantada a cultura do milho (Zea mays Lam.) no verão. O pastejo com controle da taxa de lotação animal de ovinos e manutenção da massa de forragem consorciada com aveia e azevém não alterou a densidade, a macroporosidade, a microporosidade e a porosidade total no Latossolo Bruno. O pastejo nas áreas que receberam adubação nitrogenada na pastagem, não prejudicou a produtividade da cultura do milho. A adubação nitrogenada da pastagem de inverno, igual ou superior a 150 kg N ha-1, garante elevada produtividade da cultura do milho na ausência da aplicação de N.

scholarly journals Caracterización productiva y socioeconómica del sistema de producción ovina, en un área natural protegida de México

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 951-965
Author(s):  
Daniel Hernández-Valenzuela ◽  
Ernesto Sánchez-Vera ◽  
William Gómez-Demetrio ◽  
Carlos Galdino Martínez-García
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Nevado De Toluca

Ante el incremento de la presencia humana y sus actividades productivas en áreas naturales protegidas, se planteó el objetivo de caracterizar el sistema de producción ovina, en el Nevado de Toluca, con información agrícola, socioeconómica y uso de los recursos de pastoreo. Un total de 162 productores fueron entrevistados, se analizaron 25 variables con estadística multivariada y univariada. Mediante análisis de componentes principales se obtuvieron seis factores que explican el 71 % de la varianza. El análisis cluster permitió identificar tres grupos de productores: pequeños (28 %), intermedios (35 %) y capitalizados (6 %), diferenciados por el número de animales, superficie cultivada e ingresos (P<0.05). En el sistema de producción, se observó alta mortalidad de corderos (23 %), la siembra de avena (Avena sativa) en el 50 % de la superficie y un porcentaje variable de superficie, sembrada de maíz (Zea mays). La edad y escolaridad fueron similares entre grupos (P>0.05) y se encontró que los rebaños aportan menos del 30 % del ingreso familiar. El 58 % de los rebaños ingresa al bosque, para realizar pastoreo circulante, pero el 60 % se maneja semi-estabulado. Se concluye que la producción del sistema no depende de la capitalización del productor, pero el rebaño es esencial en la economía familiar, y el manejo de los animales es compatible con los esfuerzos de conservación del área natural protegida.

Chilling-induced chlorosis in maize (Zea mays)

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hodgins ◽  
R. B. van Huystee
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Control Tissue ◽  
Etiolated Seedlings ◽  
Chilling Temperatures ◽  
And Control

The effect of chilling temperatures on the porphyrin pathway leading to chlorophyll was studied in Seneca Chief hybrid sweet corn. One-week-old seedlings grown at 28 °C in a 14 h light: 10 h dark photoperiod synthesize negligible amounts of chlorophyll when exposed to 12 °C for a subsequent 6 d. When the chilled plant is then brought back to 28 °C, chlorophyll synthesis is restored to control levels. Little difference in carotenoid content was detected between chill-stressed and control tissue even after 4 d of stress. Small differences in the chlorophyll content per 106 chloroplasts could be detected between stressed and control seedlings. Etiolated seedlings synthesize negligible amounts of chlorophyll or its precursors when illuminated at 12 °C. Incubation of tissue with aminolevulinic acid at various temperatures from 12 to 22 °C resulted in an accumulation of precursors comparable to 28 °C control tissue. The ability of etiolated tissue to accumulate aminolevulinic acid was negligible when illuminated at 12 °C as compared with that in tissue illuminated at 28 °C.

Inhibition of δ-Aminolevulinic Acid Synthesis by Glyphosate

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 571-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Kitchen ◽  
William W. Witt ◽  
Charles E. Rieck
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Porphyrin Ring ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Ring Compounds ◽  
Site Of Action

The effect of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] on barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) and corn (Zea maysL.) shoot δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) production was examined by monitoring ALA content in the tissue and measuring incorporation of14C precursors into ALA and chlorophylla. Barley shoot ALA content was significantly decreased by 1 mM glyphosate after 9, 11, and 15 h of illumination. ALA production by treated barley shoots was 30 nmoles•g fresh weight-1•h-1at each interval tested, compared with 75 to 120 nmoles•g fresh weight-1•h-1for the control. In corn shoots, ALA content was reduced 32, 45, and 58% by 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mM glyphosate, respectively, after 12 h illumination. Incorporation studies with14C-glutamate,14C-α-ketoglutarate, and14C-glycine into ALA showed a 77, 92, and 91% inhibition, respectively, in barley shoots treated with 1 mM glyphosate. Incorporation of14C-ALA into chlorophyllawas not affected by 1 mM glyphosate. Thus, the site of action of glyphosate may involve two enzyme pathways:one controlling the conversion of α-ketoglutarate to ALA, and the other controlling the condensation of glycine with succinyl CoA to form ALA and carbon dioxide. Inhibition of ALA synthesis blocks synthesis of chlorophyll, as well as all other porphyrin ring compounds found in higher plants. Thus, inhibition of ALA synthesis may be an integral component of the herbicidal mode of action of glyphosate.

Localization of Atrazine in Corn (Zea mays), Oat (Avena sativa), and Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Leaf Cells

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 664-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Norris ◽  
Ivy E. Fong
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Kidney Bean ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Subcellular Organelles

Corn (Zea maysL. ‘DeKalb 640′), kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Light red’) and oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Kanota’) were grown in solution culture and the roots exposed to radioactively labeled atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine]. The radioactivity from3H-atrazine, or its metabolites, was located in microautoradiographs of corn leaf sections, almost exclusively at the perimeter of the vascular bundles, and was primarily confined to the cell walls and intercellular spaces, with no activity associated with subcellular organelles. Radioactivity from3H-atrazine in oat leaf section microautoradiographs was primarily associated with the chloroplasts, with no evidence of radioactivity specifically associated with other subcellular organelles. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of homogenized leaf tissue following exposure of the plants to14C-atrazine showed that most of the radioactivity was associated with the light cell fragments and cytoplasm for the test species. There was no accumulation of14C-activity in any of the heavier subcellular organelles from corn leaf cells. A peak of radioactivity was associated with the chloroplast fraction from oat and kidney bean leaves.

scholarly journals Transmisión experimental del virus del mal de Río Cuarto por Delphacodes kuscheli

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
GRACIELA A. TRUOL ◽  
TOMIO USUGI ◽  
JUTARO HIRAO ◽  
JOEL D. ARNEODO ◽  
M. PAZ GIMÉNEZ PECCI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Delphacodes Kuscheli ◽  
Phalaris Canariensis

Entre las enfermedades que afectan al cultivo de maíz (Zea mays) en Argentina, la producida por el virus del mal de Río Cuarto (MRCV) es la más importante. El MRCV pertenece a la familia Reoviridae, género Fijivirus, y su propagación en la naturaleza es realizada por Delphacodes kuscheli (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). La modalidad de transmisión para los miembros de este género de virus es persistente propagativa. Se estableció la necesidad de ajustar un sistema de transmisión eficiente del virus para estudios de caracterización, partiendo de poblaciones libres de virus criadas en laboratorio, para lo cual se ensayaron distintos períodos de adquisición, latencia e inoculación, evaluándose además un rango de hospedantes diferenciales. Se lograron obtener insectos libres de virus en cantidad suficiente para llevar a cabo los trabajos, mediante su cría en fitotrones y cámaras aclimatadas. La transmisión experimental del MRCV se efectuó exitosamente, bajo idénticas condiciones, empleando períodos de adquisición, latencia e inoculación de dos, 10 y uno día respectivamente para los cereales de grano fino y de dos, 10 y dos días para el maíz. Se infectaron de este modo las siguientes especies: maíz, cebada (Hordeum vulgare), avena (Avena sativa), trigo (Triticum aestivum), centeno (Secale cereale), grama rhodes (Chloris gayana) y alpiste (Phalaris canariensis). La detección del virus en las plantas inoculadas se efectuó mediante pruebas serológicas, análisis de dsRNA en electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida (obteniéndose las 10 bandas típicas de los fijivirus) y microscopía electrónica, detectándose las partículas isométricas de entre 60 y 70 nm de diámetro.

Absorption and Dissipation of TCA by Wheat and Oats

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 492-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul N. P. Chow
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
The Difference ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

In the greenhouse, five crops were grown in soil containing trichloroacetic acid (TCA) at 3 to 24 ppm. Based on seedling yields, corn (Zea mays L., var. Morden 88) and oats (Avena sativa L., var. Rodney) were relatively tolerant to TCA at all rates, barley (Hordeum vulgare L., var. Conquest) and rye (Secale cereale L., var. Antelope) were tolerant at lower rates, but wheat (Triticum aestivum L., var. Manitou) suffered injury at all rates. When TCA-2-14C was applied to the roots of wheat and oats seedlings in water or nutrient solution, wheat seedlings absorbed more TCA-2-14C than oats. Potassium cyanide (KCN) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) decreased TCA-2-14C absorption by wheat more than that by oats. From 5 to 21 days after application, wheat retained two to four times as much TCA-2-14C as oats. Thus, half of the TCA-2-14C in shoots and roots of wheat disappeared in 11.3 and 11.4 days, respectively, compared with 7.9 and 3.5 days for oats. Based on this investigation, the difference in susceptibility of wheat and oats to TCA appeared to be governed by the metabolic processes involved in absorption and dissipation.

Control of Wild Cane in Corn

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. C. Burnside
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The most effective and dependable method of controlling wild cane [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in corn (Zea mays L.) was with a combination of cultivation plus herbicides. Timely cultivations were equally or more effective than preplant herbicides in controlling wild cane, but neither method was adequate by itself. The best herbicide in this study for the control of wild cane in corn was S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) alone or in combination with (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) or 2-chloro-4,6-bis-(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine). Residual effects of simazine at 4 lb/A in the soil reduced the yield of the following oats (Avena sativa L.) crop 1 out of 3 years.

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