Tree age has an important effect on the form and function of fine roots. Previous studies have focused on the variations in root morphological and chemical traits among tree ages, while less attention has been given to the physiological traits, impeding a full understanding of the relationship between root resource acquisition strategy and tree age. Here, we measured root morphological (diameter, specific root length, specific root area and tissue density), chemical (nitrogen concentration) and physiological (respiration and exudation rate) traits of young, middle-aged and mature trees of Fraxinus mandshurica in a temperate secondary forest in northeastern China. Our overall aim was to determine how root traits and related resource acquisition strategy change with tree age. The results showed that from young to mature trees, root diameter gradually increased, but specific root length, specific root area, root nitrogen concentration, respiration and exudation rates all decreased, and the significant differences were mainly found between young and mature trees. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed that the relationships of root respiration and exudation rates to root morphological and chemical traits depended on tree age and the specific traits examined, but these correlations were all significant except for root tissue density when the data were pooled across all tree age classes. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the conservative traits represented by root diameter, and the acquisitive traits such as root respiration and exudation rates and related morphological and chemical traits, occupied two ends of the first axis, respectively, while root tissue density occupied one end of the second axis, partially confirming the conceptual framework of “root economics space”. Standardized major axis (SMA) analysis of root exudation and respiration rates showed that young trees allocated more root carbon flux to the formation of root exudation, compared to middle-aged and mature trees. Our findings suggest that root resource acquisition strategy in F. mandshurica appears to shift from an absorptive to conservative strategy associated with increasing tree age, which may have substantial consequences for individual growth and interspecific competition, as well as belowground carbon allocation in ecosystems.
Plant diversity effects on herbivory are mediated by soil biodiversity and plant chemistry
