scholarly journals Disentangling the role of Africa in the global spread of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Fusaro ◽  
Bianca Zecchin ◽  
Bram Vrancken ◽  
Celia Abolnik ◽  
Rose Ademun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Avian Host ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Bird Migrations ◽  
Virus Spreading

AbstractThe role of Africa in the dynamics of the global spread of a zoonotic and economically-important virus, such as the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx of the Gs/GD lineage, remains unexplored. Here we characterise the spatiotemporal patterns of virus diffusion during three HPAI H5Nx intercontinental epidemic waves and demonstrate that Africa mainly acted as an ecological sink of the HPAI H5Nx viruses. A joint analysis of host dynamics and continuous spatial diffusion indicates that poultry trade as well as wild bird migrations have contributed to the virus spreading into Africa, with West Africa acting as a crucial hotspot for virus introduction and dissemination into the continent. We demonstrate varying paths of avian influenza incursions into Africa as well as virus spread within Africa over time, which reveal that virus expansion is a complex phenomenon, shaped by an intricate interplay between avian host ecology, virus characteristics and environmental variables.

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization of H5N8 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from Falcated Ducks and Environmental Water in Japan in November 2020

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Ahmed Magdy Khalil ◽  
Yoshikazu Fujimoto ◽  
Isshu Kojima ◽  
Mana Esaki ◽  
Kyonha Ri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Distant Part

We isolated two highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of subtype H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b from falcated duck (Anas falcata) feces and environmental water collected at an overwintering site in Japan. Our isolates were almost genetically identical to each other and showed high genetic similarity with H5N8 HPAIVs recently isolated in South Korea, a distant part of Japan, and European countries. These results suggest the potential role of falcated ducks in the dissemination of HPAIVs.

scholarly journals Птахи як імовірний фактор занесення та поширення високопатогенного пташиного грипу Н5N1 в умовах мегаполісу

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-132
Author(s):  
I. T. Rusev ◽  
V. D. Vinnik ◽  
D. A. Sokolovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Natural Foci

In 2005 highly pathogenic avian influenza spreaded rapidly from the Central Asia along the main migration routes of wild birds includingUkraine. In the autumn, and mostly in the winter, the avian influenza was found in many countries of Europe, Asia and Africa in the places of traditional birds wintering. The paper considers the ways of importation of the avian influenza pathogens intoUkraineand the role of wild birds in the possible formation of anthropogenic and natural foci of highly pathogenic avian influenza in megapolis conditions.

scholarly journals Survival of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus in Tissues Derived from Experimentally Infected Chickens

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Yamamoto ◽  
Kikuyasu Nakamura ◽  
Masaji Mase
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
H5n1 Virus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Hpai H5n1 ◽  
Virus Spreading

ABSTRACT Eurasian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has been a severe threat to the poultry industry since its emergence in 1996. The carcass or tissues derived from infected birds may present the risk of the virus spreading to humans, animals, and the surrounding environment. In this study, we investigated the survival of the virus in feather, muscle, and liver tissues collected from six chickens (Gallus gallus) experimentally infected with HPAI H5N1 virus. The tissues were stored at +4°C or +20°C, and viral isolation was performed at different times for 360 days. The maximum periods for viral survival were observed in samples stored at +4°C in all tissue types and were 240 days in feather tissues, 160 days in muscle, and 20 days in liver. The viral infectivity at +20°C was maintained for a maximum of 30 days in the feather tissues, 20 days in muscle, and 3 days in liver. The viral inactivation rates partly overlapped in the feather and muscle tissues at the two temperatures. The virus was inactivated rapidly in the liver. Our experimental results indicate that the tissue type and temperature can greatly influence the survival of HPAI H5N1 virus in the tissues of infected chickens. IMPORTANCE Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of the H5N1 subtype can cause massive losses of poultry, and people need to handle a large number of chicken carcasses contaminated with the virus at outbreak sites. This study evaluated how long the virus can keep its infectivity in the three types of tissues derived from chickens infected with the virus. Our experimental results indicate that the virus can survive in tissues for a specific period of time depending on the tissue type and temperature. Our results are valuable for better understanding of viral ecology in the environment and for reducing the risk of the virus spreading via bird tissues contaminated with the virus.

scholarly journals Re-emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in Nigeria, 2014–2016: Role of Social Network and Value Chain Forces in Interstate Transmission

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-498
Author(s):  
Daniel Oladimeji Oluwayelu ◽  
Clement Adebajo Meseko ◽  
Adekunle Bamidele Ayinmode ◽  
Adebowale Idris Adebiyi ◽  
Mike Aneshimi Lawani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza H5n1 ◽  
Influenza H5n1

scholarly journals Disentangling the role of poultry farms and wild birds in the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 in Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Guinat ◽  
Cecilia Valenzuela Agui ◽  
Timothy G Vaughan ◽  
Jeremie Scire ◽  
Anne Pohlmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
H5n8 Virus ◽  
Poultry Farms

Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 virus in Europe have caused severe damage to animal health, wildlife conservation and livestock economic sustainability. While epidemiological and phylogenetic studies have generated important clues about the virus spread in Europe, they remained opaque to the specific role of poultry farms and wild birds. Using a phylodynamic framework, we inferred the H5N8 virus transmission dynamics among poultry farms and wild birds in four severely affected countries and investigated drivers of spread between farms across borders during the 2016-17 epidemic. Based on existing genetic data, we showed that the virus was likely introduced into poultry farms during the autumn, in line with the timing of arrival of migratory wild birds. Then, transmission was mainly driven by farm-to-farm transmission in Germany, Hungary and Poland, suggesting that better understanding of how infected farms are connected in those countries would greatly help control efforts. In contrast, the epidemic was dominated by wild bird-to-farm transmission in Czech Republic, meaning that more sustainable prevention strategies should be developed to reduce virus exposure from wild birds. We inferred effective reproduction number Re estimates among poultry farms and wild birds. We expect those estimates being useful to parameterize predictive models of virus spread aiming at optimising control strategies. None of the investigated predictors related to live poultry trade, poultry census and geographic proximity were identified as supportive predictors of the viral spread between farms across borders, suggesting that other drivers should be considered in future studies.

scholarly journals Role of Backyard Flocks in Transmission Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Clade 2.3.4.4, France, 2016–2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Souvestre ◽  
Claire Guinat ◽  
Eric Niqueux ◽  
Luc Robertet ◽  
Guillaume Croville ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Backyard Flocks
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