Sodium and potassium intake for CV health

AbstractThe direction and magnitude of the association between sodium and potassium excretion and blood pressure (BP) may differ depending on the characteristics of the study participant or the intake assessment method. Our objective was to assess the relationship between BP, hypertension and 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion among Chinese adults. A total of 1424 provincially representative Chinese residents aged 18 to 69 years participated in a cross-sectional survey in 2017 that included demographic data, physical measurements and 24-h urine collection. In this study, the average 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion and sodium-to-potassium ratio were 3811.4 mg/day, 1449.3 mg/day, and 4.9, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, each 1000 mg difference in 24-h urinary sodium excretion was significantly associated with systolic BP (0.64 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.05–1.24) and diastolic BP (0.45 mm Hg; 95% CI 0.08–0.81), and each 1000 mg difference in 24-h urinary potassium excretion was inversely associated with systolic BP (− 3.07 mm Hg; 95% CI − 4.57 to − 1.57) and diastolic BP (− 0.94 mm Hg; 95% CI − 1.87 to − 0.02). The sodium-to-potassium ratio was significantly associated with systolic BP (0.78 mm Hg; 95% CI 0.42–1.13) and diastolic BP (0.31 mm Hg; 95% CI 0.10–0.53) per 1-unit increase. These associations were mainly driven by the hypertensive group. Those with a sodium intake above about 4900 mg/24 h or with a potassium intake below about 1000 mg/24 h had a higher risk of hypertension. At higher but not lower levels of 24-h urinary sodium excretion, potassium can better blunt the sodium-BP relationship. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of hypertension in the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile of excretion were 0.54 (95% CI 0.35–0.84) for potassium and 1.71 (95% CI 1.16–2.51) for the sodium-to-potassium ratio, while the corresponding OR for sodium was not significant (OR, 1.28; 95% CI 0.83–1.98). Our results showed that the sodium intake was significantly associated with BP among hypertensive patients and the inverse association between potassium intake and BP was stronger and involved a larger fraction of the population, especially those with a potassium intake below 1000 mg/24 h should probably increase their potassium intake.

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Assessment of Foods Associated with Sodium and Potassium Intake in Japanese Youths Using the Brief-Type Self-Administered Diet History Questionnaire

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13072345 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 2345

Author(s):

Masayuki Okuda ◽

Satoshi Sasaki

Keyword(s):

Sodium Excretion ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Potassium Excretion ◽

Potassium Intake ◽

Soybean Paste ◽

Diet History Questionnaire ◽

Diet History ◽

8Th Graders ◽

Sodium And Potassium

The identification of sodium and potassium intake in youths is an important step to preventing the increase of blood pressure in childhood. We examined food intake and estimated mineral intake using a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ) to test its validity as a comparison with urinary excretion in Japanese youths. The subjects were 5th and 8th graders (n = 2377), who completed the BDHQ and permitted the use of their overnight urine specimens. Sodium intake was poorly associated with sodium excretion (Rho = 0.048), and the coefficients of dietary potassium and a sodium-to-potassium molar ratio were 0.091–0.130. Higher soybean paste (miso) intake and pickles were significantly associated with higher sodium excretion (p ≤ 0.005). However, these foods were positively associated with potassium excretion (p = 0.002–0.012), and not associated with an excreted sodium-to-potassium ratio. Fruits and dairy products were positively associated (p ≤ 0.048), whereas beverages were negatively associated with potassium excretion (p ≤ 0.004). The association of the sodium-to-potassium ratio was opposite to that of potassium (p ≤ 0.001). The choice of foods, potassium, and the sodium-to-potassium ratio assessed using the BDHQ are available as part of health education for youths, but the assessment of sodium intake in population levels should be carefully conducted.

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Daily dietary sodium and potassium intake in Belgium, using duplicate portion sampling

European Food Research and Technology ◽

10.1007/s002170050458 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 209 (1) ◽

pp. 63-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Rudy Van Cauwenbergh ◽

Peter Hendrix ◽

H. J. Robberecht ◽

Hendrik A. Deelstra

Keyword(s):

Dietary Sodium ◽

Potassium Intake ◽

Duplicate Portion Sampling ◽

Duplicate Portion ◽

Sodium And Potassium

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Abstract P184: Effects of Sodium and Potassium Supplementation on Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Untreated (Pre)Hypertensives on a Low-Sodium, Low-Potassium Diet

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.129.suppl_1.p184 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Lieke Gijsbers ◽

James Dower ◽

Marco Mensink ◽

Johanna M Geleijnse

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Arterial Stiffness ◽

Random Order ◽

Potassium Intake ◽

Low Sodium ◽

Potassium Supplementation ◽

Urinary Potassium ◽

Low Potassium ◽

Sodium And Potassium ◽

Sodium Supplementation

Introduction: We performed a 12-week randomized placebo-controlled crossover study to examine the effects of sodium and potassium supplementation on blood pressure (BP) and arterial stiffness in untreated (pre)hypertensive individuals on a low-sodium, low-potassium diet. Methods: During the study, subjects were on a fully controlled diet that provided on average 2.4 g/d of sodium (equals 6 g/d of salt) and 2.2 g/d of potassium. After a 1-week run-in period, 37 subjects received capsules with supplemental sodium (3 g/d, equals 7.5 g/d of salt), supplemental potassium (3 g/d), or placebo, for four weeks each (not separated by wash-out), in random order. Fasting office BP, 24-h ambulatory BP, and measures of arterial stiffness (SphygmoCor®) were assessed at baseline and after each treatment. Results: Subjects had a mean pre-treatment BP of 145/81 mmHg and 68% (25 of 37) had systolic BP (SBP) ≥140 mmHg. In 36 subjects who completed the study, sodium supplementation increased urinary sodium by 97.6 mmol/24h (2.2 g/d) and potassium supplementation increased urinary potassium by 62.9 mmol/24h (2.5 g/d), compared to placebo (Table). Sodium supplementation significantly increased office BP by 7.5/3.3 mmHg, 24-h BP by 7.0/2.1 mmHg and central BP by 8.5/3.6 mmHg. Potassium supplementation significantly reduced 24-h BP by 4.0/1.7 mmHg. Measures of arterial stiffness did not change. Conclusion: Increasing the intake of sodium has a strong adverse effect on BP in untreated (pre)hypertensive individuals. Increased potassium intake, however, lowers BP even when people are on a reduced sodium diet. Short-term changes in sodium and potassium intake have little effect on arterial stiffness. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01575041

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Validation of single measurement of 12-hour urine excretion for estimation of sodium and potassium intake. A longitudinal study

Sao Paulo Medical Journal ◽

10.1590/1516-3180.2017.0210031117 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 136 (2) ◽

pp. 150-156 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maria del Carmen Bisi Molina ◽

Taísa Sabrina Silva Pereira ◽

Aline Silva Porto ◽

Raiane Pereira Silva ◽

Nathália Miguel Teixeira Santana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Urine Excretion ◽

Single Measurement ◽

Potassium Intake ◽

Sodium And Potassium

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Measurement Error Corrected Sodium and Potassium Intake Estimation Using 24-Hour Urinary Excretion

Hypertension ◽

10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.02218 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 238-244 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Ying Huang ◽

Linda Van Horn ◽

Lesley F. Tinker ◽

Marian L. Neuhouser ◽

Laura Carbone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Measurement Error ◽

Urinary Excretion ◽

Potassium Intake ◽

Sodium And Potassium

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Sodium and Potassium Intake in US Adults

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circulationaha.117.031371 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 137 (3) ◽

pp. 247-249 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Paul K. Whelton

Keyword(s):

Potassium Intake ◽

Sodium And Potassium

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Abstract P053: Sodium and Potassium Intake and Blood Pressure and Risk of Hypertension Among U.S. Adults - Results From NHANES 2003-2008

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.125.suppl_10.ap053 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽

Author(s):

Zefeng Zhang ◽

Mary Cogswell ◽

Cathleen Gillespie ◽

Jing Fang ◽

Shifan Dai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽

Sodium Potassium ◽

Potassium Intake ◽

Undiagnosed Hypertension ◽

Unit Increase ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Prevention Of Hypertension ◽

Sodium And Potassium

Introduction: Evidence from randomized controlled trials demonstrates higher sodium and/or lower potassium intake increase blood pressure and the risk of hypertension. However, the relationship between sodium, potassium and blood pressure has not been examined using nationally representative sample and estimated usual intakes of these nutrients. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that usual sodium and potassium intake have opposing effects on blood pressure and a higher sodium-to-potassium ratio is associated with elevated blood pressure and hypertension. Methods: We analyzed data on 12,854 participants aged 20 years and older from the 2003-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. We estimated the usual intakes of sodium and potassium from the diet accounting for measurement error. Mean blood pressure was calculated from up to three readings on each subject and hypertension included both diagnosed and undiagnosed hypertension. We used multivariable linear regression to examine the associations between intakes of sodium, potassium and their ratio with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and logistic regression for associations with hypertension. Results: The average estimated usual intakes of sodium and potassium were 3465 and 2741 mg/d, respectively. The average sodium-to-potassium ratio was 1.39; higher ratios were observed among males, younger and non-Hispanic black participants. After adjustment for potential confounders, usual intakes of sodium, potassium and their ratio were significantly associated with systolic blood pressure, with an increase of 1.08 mm Hg (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.30 – 1.86) and a decrease of 1.47 mmHg (95% CI: -2.31, -0.63) for every 1000 mg/d increase in sodium and potassium intake, respectively, and an increase of 2.80 mmHg (95% CI: 0.90 - 4.70) for every unit increase in sodium-to-potassium ratio. No association was found for diastolic blood pressure. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) comparing the highest and lowest quartiles of usual sodium or potassium intakes were 1.63 (95% CI: 1.14 - 2.34) and 0.61 (95% CI: 0.45 - 0.82), respectively, for risk of hypertension. For sodium-to-potassium ratio, the adjusted OR was 1.49 (95% CI: 1.17 - 1.89). The patterns of association were largely consistent across age, gender, race/ethnicity, body mass index, and education subgroups. Conclusions: In conclusion, our results indicated higher sodium and lower potassium intakes were associated with increased systolic blood pressure and risk for hypertension. The combined effect of sodium and potassium might play a central role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The results further confirm that reducing sodium and increasing potassium intakes concurrently may have important implications in the prevention of hypertension, and hence, of cardiovascular disease.

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Dietary Sodium, Potassium, and Sodium to Potassium Ratio in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Biological Research For Nursing ◽

10.1177/10998004211065491 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 109980042110654

Author(s):

María Correa-Rodríguez ◽

Sara DelOlmo-Romero ◽

Gabriela Pocovi-Gerardino ◽

José-Luis Callejas-Rubio ◽

Raquel Ríos-Fernández ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Activity ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Dietary Sodium ◽

Complement C3 ◽

Systemic Lupus ◽

Sodium Potassium ◽

Complement C4 ◽

Potassium Intake ◽

Dietary Potassium ◽

Sodium And Potassium

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary sodium, potassium, and sodium:potassium ratio and clinical disease activity parameters, damage accrual, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in a population of patients with systemic lupus erythematous (SLE). Research design and study sample: A cross-sectional study including a total of 280 patients was conducted (90.4% females; mean age 46.9 ± 12.85 years). Data collection: The SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI-2K) and the SDI Damage Index were used to assess disease activity and disease-related damage, respectively. A 24-hour diet recall was used to estimate dietary intake of sodium and potassium. Results: Dietary sodium intake was significantly associated with anti-dsDNA ( β = −.005; 95% CI [.002 .008]; p = .001) and complement C4 level ( β = −.002; 95% CI [−.003, .000]; p = .039). Dietary potassium intake was also significantly associated with complement C3 level ( β = −.004; 95% CI [−.007, −.001]; p = .021). Multiple logistic regression models revealed a positive association between dietary sodium intake and the risk of having hsCRP > 3 ( p = .005) and an inverse association between dietary potassium intake and the risk of having hsCRP > 3 ( p = .004). Conclusions: SLE patients with higher dietary sodium and lower dietary potassium intakes had an increased risk of higher hsCRP. Dietary sodium intake was significantly associated with anti-dsDNA and complement C4 level, while dietary potassium intake was associated with complement C3 level, supporting that dietary sodium and potassium intakes might play a key role in markers related to disease activity in SLE patients.

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