Dietary Fibers and Nutraceuticals in Prevention of Hypertension

Hypertension is the major cause of mortality amongst many cardiovascular risk factors causing 7.5 million deaths annually. Macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies are very common in general population and have broad-ranging physiological effects in-vivo which lessen inflammatory cascades and vascular reactivity. A recent trend is to perform nutritional epidemiological studies linking overall diet pattern to the lifestyle, examining the link between food and nutrients of diet to risk of chronic diseases. This chapter would deal with pharmacological and pathological basis of hypertension, utilization of dietary fibers, functional foods, nutraceuticals for hypertensive populations as well as to those with increased cardiovascular risks.

Pemberdayaan Kader Posyandu Lansia dalam Upaya Pencegahan Hipertensi dan Komplikasinya

ABSTRAKHipertensi di Indonesia memerlukan perhatian yang serius karena merupakan penyebab kematian nomor 3 setelah stroke dan tuberculosis. Seiring dengan semakin meningkatnya angka penderita hipertensi di Indonesia, pemerintah merumuskan berbagai kebijakan pelayanan kesehatan untuk lansia agar derajat dan mutu kesehatan lansia penderita hipertensi dapat meningkat. Salah satunya yaitu dengan mencanangkan pelayanan kesehatan pada lansia melalui beberapa jenjang. Pelayanan di tingkat masyarakat dilakukan oleh Posyandu Lansia. Uraian situasi di atas merupakan dasar mengapa perlu dilakukan pemberdayaan kader posyandu lansia untuk pencegahan hipertensi dan komplikasinya di Kecamatan Purwosari Kabupaten Pasuruan. Bentuk kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini berupa pemberian edukasi tentang hipertensi dan komplikasinya serta, memberikan pelatihan pemerikasaan tekanan darah bagi kader. Subjek dalam kegiatan ini adalah seluruh kader kesehatan di wilayah Kecamatan Purwosari. Lokasi ini dipilih mengingat kasus hipertensi di wilayah ini masih cukup tinggi. Kegiatan pengabdian ini mendapatkan sambutan hangat dari peserta. Hal ini terbukti dengan banyaknya peserta yang aktif dalam diskusi dan mengajukan pertanyaan. Setelah sesi diskusi pemateri malakukan post test secara lisan kepada peserta, dalam post test yang dilakukan 100% peserta mampu menjawab pertanyaan yang disampaikan oleh pemateri dengan benar. Kesimpulan yang bisa ditarik dari kegiatan ini seluruh peserta cukup aktif dalam kegiatan ini dan tidak meninggalkan tempat sampai acara selesai. Upaya peningkatan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang penyakit hipertensi dapat lebih maksimal setelah diadakan kegiatan ini diukur dengan hasil apersepsi dan evaluasi. Kata Kunci: Pemberdayaan, Kader, Hipertensi ABSTRACTHypertension in Indonesia requires serious attention because it is the 3rd cause of death after stroke and tuberculosis In line with the increasing number of hypertension sufferers in Indonesia, the government has formulated various health service policies for the elderly so that the degree and quality of health of elderly people with hypertension can increase. One of them is by implementing health services for the elderly through several levels. Services at the community level are provided by the Elderly Posyandu. The description of the situation above was the basis of why it is necessary to empower elderly Posyandu cadres for the prevention of hypertension and its complications in Purwosari District, Pasuruan Regency. The form of this community service activity was in the form of providing education about hypertension and its complications as well as providing training in blood pressure checks for cadres. The subjects in this activity were all Health Cadres in the Purwosari District area. This location was chosen considering that there were still many cases of hypertension in this region. This service activity received a warm welcome from the participants. This is evidenced by the large number of participants who are active in the discussion and asking questions. After the discussion session the speaker performs a post test orally to the participants, in the post test 100% participants were able to answer the questions presented by the speaker correctly. The conclusion that can be drawn from this activity was that all participants were quite active in this activity and do not leave the venue until the event was over. Efforts to increase public knowledge about hypertension can be maximized after this activity was measured by the results of apperception and evaluation. Keywords: Empowerment, Cadres, Hypertension

Health Education About Hypertension Using Leaflet Media Effective On People's Knowledge And Attitudes Of The Community In Tanete Labba Hamlet, Maros

Hypertension or high blood pressure is a serious medical condition that significantly increases the risk of heart, brain, kidney, and other diseases. In COVID-19 patients, Arterial Hypertension (AH) is one of the cardiovascular comorbidities that can worsen outcomes and increase the risk of admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). This study aims to measure the effectiveness of health education about hypertension and blood pressure checks using the media leaflet on the knowledge and attitudes of the community in Tanete Labba Hamlet, Maros.This research is a quasi-experimental research with Pre-test and Post-test without Control Group Design in Tanete Labba Hamlet, Baji Pa'mai Village, Cenrana District, Maros Regency. The population in this study were residents of Tanete Labba Hamlet, Baji Pa'mai Village, using purposive sampling method with inclusion criteria of population aged 15 years and never or rarely had their health checked so that a sample of 38 respondents was obtained. The analysis used is a paired T test. The purpose of this counseling is to provide information related to hypertension risk factors, symptoms of hypertension, control and prevention of hypertension, namely in the form of recommendations to control blood pressure regularly at least every 6 months. Health education with leaflet media had a significant effect on the level of knowledge p = 0.002 (p < 0.05) and the attitude of respondents p = 0.000 (p < 0.05) about hypertension and blood pressure checks. Most of the community gave a positive response to the material presented, enthusiastic in reading the contents of the leaflet and asking questions about hypertension and blood pressure checks. It is important that education and counseling programs are developed according to the needs of the community so that they can increase the knowledge of the general public and bring about positive changes in attitudes and practices.

The Association between Plasma Concentration of Phytoestrogens and Hypertension within the Korean Multicenter Cancer Cohort

In order to examine the association between plasma phytoestrogen concentration (genistein, daidzein, equol and enterolactone) and hypertension, we conducted a nested case–control study for 229 hypertension cases including 112 prehypertension and 159 healthy controls derived from the Korean Multi-center Cancer Cohort (KMCC). The concentration of plasma phytoestrogens was measured using time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. We assessed the association between plasma phytoestrogens and hypertension using logistic regression models using odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The highest tertile of plasma equol and enterolactone concentration exhibited a significantly decreased risk of hypertension (equol, OR = 0.34, 95%CI 0.20–0.57; enterolactone, OR = 0.32, 95%CI 0.18–0.57), compared with the lowest tertile. Equol and enterolactone showed reduced ORs for prehypertension (the highest tertile relative to the lowest tertile, OR = 0.50, 95%CI 0.26–0.96; OR = 0.38, 95%CI 0.19–0.75, respectively) and hypertension (OR = 0.42, 95%CI 0.22–0.81; OR = 0.28, 95%CI 0.14–0.54, respectively). There was a stronger association in hypertension (the highest tertile relative to the lowest tertile in obesity vs. non-obesity; equol, OR = 0.06 vs. 0.63; enterolactone, OR = 0.07 vs. 0.46; both p-heterogeneity < 0.01). This study suggests that equol and enterolactone may contribute to prevent primarily prehypertension and hypertension, and control cardiovascular disease (CVD) based on the continuum of hypertension and CVD. Further study to assess hypertension risk based on useful biomarkers, including phytoestrogens, may contribute to primary prevention of hypertension.

Research Progress on the Relationship between Vascular Aging and Hypertension

Vascular aging refers to the structural and functional changes of the arterial wall with age. Vascular aging plays an important role in elderly diseases, such as hypertension. Therefore, the relationship between vascular aging and hypertension has attracted extensive attention. This article mainly reviews the mechanism of vascular aging and its influence on hypertension, so as to provide new ideas and directions for the research and prevention of hypertension.

Associations of Dietary Patterns and Risk of Hypertension in Southwest China: A Prospective Cohort Study

Empirical data on the association between diet and incident hypertension in Southwest China is lacking. We examined the associations between various dietary patterns and the risk of incident hypertension in this prospective population cohort of Southwest China. A total of 5442 eligible adults were included from Guizhou Province, China, since 2010. Dietary information was obtained using face-to-face interviews with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and dietary patterns were characterized using factor analysis. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated for the associations between various dietary patterns and incident hypertension risk using a Cox proportional hazard model. Until 2020, a total of 1177 new hypertension cases were identified during an average follow-up of 6.97 years. In the multivariable-adjusted analysis, a low intake of the junk food pattern was significantly associated with the reducing risk of incident hypertension (HR: 0.772, 95% CI: 0.671, 0.887) and a high intake of the vegetable–grain pattern statistically lowered the risk of incident hypertension (HR: 0.774, 95% CI: 0.669, 0.894) compared with the medium intake of such patterns. Higher adherence to the vegetable–grain pattern and lower adherence to the junk food pattern significantly lowered the hypertension incidence among the population in Southwest China. Those findings suggested healthy diet guidelines should be developed for the prevention of hypertension.

Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking on the Onset of Hypertension in a Long-Term Longitudinal Study in a Male Workers’ Cohort

Aim: To determine the effects of alcohol consumption and smoking on the onset of hypertension in a long-term longitudinal study. Methods: 7511 non-hypertensive male workers were enrolled. This cohort study was performed over an 8-year period using the results of the annual workers-health screening. The end-point was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, or use of antihypertensive drugs. For alcohol consumption, weekly alcohol intake (g ethanol/week) was estimated (1 “gou” = 22 g ethanol). Annual survey data were analyzed by pooled logistic regression that included alcohol consumption, smoking, age, body mass index, job schedule types, habitual exercise, and blood test measurements into the statistical model. Results: A significant positive dose–response relationship between alcohol consumption and onset of hypertension was observed, with synergistic health effects present. Compared with abstainers and nonsmokers, the adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for the onset of hypertension were: 1.51 (1.27–1.79) for 154 g ethanol/week and nonsmokers, and 1.81 (1.54–2.11) for 154 g ethanol/week and smokers. An interaction between alcohol and smoking was confirmed. Conclusions: This study provided information useful to the prevention of hypertension. By reducing alcohol consumption and smoking simultaneously, the risk of hypertension may be considerably lowered.

Gender with marital status, cultural differences, and vulnerability to hypertension: Findings from the national survey for noncommunicable disease risk factors and mental health using WHO STEPS in Bhutan

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the Kingdom of Bhutan. Thus, the early detection and prevention of hypertension is critical for reducing cardiovascular disease. However, the influence of sociocultural factors on vulnerability to hypertension needs further investigation. This study performed secondary data analysis on 1,909 individuals in a cross-sectional study (the National survey for noncommunicable disease risk factors and mental health using World Health Organization (WHO) STEPS approach in Bhutan– 2014). Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated a significant association between gender with marital status and hypertension. Women had a higher odds ratio than men (Ref) when married (AOR: 1.27, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.23–1.31), and when separated, divorced, or widowed (AOR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.12–1.26). People who speak the Tshanglakha language scored the highest odds (AOR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.20–1.27), followed by Lhotshamkha (AOR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.06–1.12) and Dzongkha (Ref) after adjusting for various social and biomedical factors. Additionally, tobacco use displayed decreased odds for hypertension. To promote the early detection and prevention of hypertension, these cultural factors should be considered even within small geographic areas, such as Bhutan. It is necessary to strengthen hypertension preventive strategies for people who speak Tshanglakha and Lhotshamkha. Furthermore, careful consideration should be given to preventing hypertension among adults aged 40 years or more, women who are married, separated, divorced, or widowed, and men who never married in Bhutan.