scholarly journals Southeast Asian protected areas are effective in conserving forest cover and forest carbon stocks compared to unprotected areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Graham ◽  
Jonas Geldmann ◽  
Vanessa M. Adams ◽  
Pablo Jose Negret ◽  
Pablo Sinovas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Management Effectiveness ◽  
Forest Cover Loss

AbstractProtected areas aim to conserve nature, ecosystem services, and cultural values; however, they have variable success in doing so under high development pressure. Southeast Asian protected areas faced the highest level of human pressure at the turn of the twenty-first century. To estimate their effectiveness in conserving forest cover and forest carbon stocks for 2000–2018, we used statistical matching methods to control for the non-random location of protected areas, to compare protection against a matched counterfactual. We found Southeast Asian protected areas had three times less forest cover loss than similar landscapes without protection. Protected areas that had completed management reporting using the Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT) conserved significantly more forest cover and forest carbon stocks than those that had not. Management scores were positively associated with the level of carbon emissions avoided, but not the level of forest cover loss avoided. Our study is the first to find that METT scores could predict the level of carbon emissions avoided in protected areas. Given that only 11% of protected areas in Southeast Asia had completed METT surveys, our results illustrate the need to scale-up protected area management effectiveness reporting programs to improve their effectiveness for conserving forests, and for storing and sequestering carbon.

scholarly journals Securing tropical forest carbon: the contribution of protected areas to REDD

Oryx ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörn P. W. Scharlemann ◽  
Valerie Kapos ◽  
Alison Campbell ◽  
Igor Lysenko ◽  
Neil D. Burgess ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Protected Area Management ◽  
Forest Loss ◽  
The Tropics

AbstractForest loss and degradation in the tropics contribute 6–17% of all greenhouse gas emissions. Protected areas cover 217.2 million ha (19.6%) of the world’s humid tropical forests and contain c. 70.3 petagrams of carbon (Pg C) in biomass and soil to 1 m depth. Between 2000 and 2005, we estimate that 1.75 million ha of forest were lost from protected areas in humid tropical forests, causing the emission of 0.25–0.33 Pg C. Protected areas lost about half as much carbon as the same area of unprotected forest. We estimate that the reduction of these carbon emissions from ongoing deforestation in protected sites in humid tropical forests could be valued at USD 6,200–7,400 million depending on the land use after clearance. This is > 1.5 times the estimated spending on protected area management in these regions. Improving management of protected areas to retain forest cover better may be an important, although certainly not sufficient, component of an overall strategy for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD).

Management effectiveness positively influences forest conservation outcomes in protected areas in Mexico

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Powlen ◽  
Michael C. Gavin ◽  
Kelly W. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Forest Loss ◽  
Forest Cover Change ◽  
Management Effectiveness ◽  
Multiple Stakeholders ◽  
Management Quality ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Equal Sharing ◽  
Careful Design

Understanding the factors that drive protected area outcomes is critical to increase the success of global conservation efforts. Until recently, our understanding of the influence of management effectiveness has been restricted by the limited availability of standardized management data and study design limitations of prior evaluations. Here we use a quasi-experimental matching approach to test the influence of management effectiveness on forest cover change inside 46 protected areas in Mexico. We test the influence of five management categories, including context and planning, administration and finance, use and benefits, governance and social participation, and management quality, as well as an overall effectiveness score, using a subgroup analysis and an interaction term in post-matching multiple linear regression. Our results show that protected areas with higher management effectiveness have a greater effect on reducing deforestation compared to those with low management effectiveness, but that both types of protected areas experience less forest loss compared to similar unprotected areas. We find this trend in all five of the management categories and the overall score, with administration and finance scores having the greatest effect on forest loss outcomes. Our findings suggest careful design and planning, effective participation from multiple stakeholders and equal sharing of benefits, and sufficient human and financial capital can improve the effectiveness of protected areas in preventing forest loss.

scholarly journals Global sensitivities of forest carbon changes to environmental conditions 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Besnard ◽  
Maurizio Santoro ◽  
Oliver Cartus ◽  
Naixin Fan ◽  
Nora Linscheid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Surface Conditions ◽  
Gains And Losses

<p>Quantifying the responses of forest dynamics to fluctuations in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and land surface conditions at global scales have been rather challenging. Despite the understanding that favourable environmental conditions promote forest growth, the effects have been challenging to observe across different ecosystems and climate gradients. Based on a global annual time series of aboveground biomass (AGB) from 1992 to 2018, we present forest carbon changes and provide insights on the controls of atmospheric (e.g., climate), hydrosphere (e.g., soil water availability) and land surface (e.g., changes in forest cover) conditions on forest carbon changes from local to global scales. Our findings indicate a gradient of forest gains and losses across AGB classes, with regions with carbon stocks of 50-100 MgC ha<sup>-1</sup> depicting both the highest forest gains and losses. Furthermore, we observe that changes in forest carbon stocks were systematically positively correlated with changes in forest cover, while it was not necessarily the case with other environmental variables, such as air temperature and water availability at the uni-variate level. We also used a gradient boosted decision tree model and a variable importance metric (i.e., SHAP values) to demonstrate that atmospheric conditions largely dictate forest carbon changes followed by land surface and hydrosphere conditions. Interestingly, the observed functional relationships indicate a strong sensitivity of forest carbon changes to recent-past carbon stocks and both recent-past and concurrent atmospheric water demand. Regionally, we find evidence that carbon gains from long-term forest growth covary with long-term carbon sink inferred from atmospheric inversions at the ecosystem level. Our study quantifies the contributions from the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and land surface conditions to forest carbon changes and provides new insights into the underlying mechanisms of forest growth on the global carbon cycle.</p>

scholarly journals Challenging the State: Devolutionary Tenure Transitions for Saving and Expanding Forests

Human Ecology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liz Alden Wily
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Property Relations ◽  
The Will ◽  
Customary Land

AbstractI address a contentious element in forest property relations to illustrate the role of ownership in protecting and expanding of forest cover by examining the extent to which rural communities may legally own forests. The premise is that whilst state-owned protected areas have contributed enormously to forest survival, this has been insufficiently successful to justify the mass dispossession of customary land-owning communities this has entailed. Further, I argue that state co-option of community lands is unwarranted. Rural communities on all continents ably demonstrate the will and capacity to conserve forests – provided their customary ownership is legally recognized. I explore the property rights reforms now enabling this. The replication potential of community protected forestlands is great enough to deserve flagship status in global commitments to expand forest including in the upcoming new Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Protected Areas in the Pan-Tropics and International Aid for Conservation

Geomatics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-346
Author(s):  
Do-Hyung Kim ◽  
Anupam Anand
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Forest Conservation ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
International Aid ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Forest Cover Change ◽  
Average Effect ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
Conservation Policies ◽  
The Tropics

Evaluation of the effectiveness of protected areas is critical for forest conservation policies and priorities. We used 30 m resolution forest cover change data from 1990 to 2010 for ~4000 protected areas to evaluate their effectiveness. Our results show that protected areas in the tropics avoided 83,500 ± 21,200 km2 of deforestation during the 2000s. Brazil’s protected areas have the largest amount of avoided deforestation at 50,000 km2. We also show the amount of international aid received by tropical countries compared to the effectiveness of protected areas. Thirty-four tropical countries received USD 42 billion during the 1990s and USD 62 billion during the 2000s in international aid for biodiversity conservation. The effectiveness of international aid was highest in Latin America, with 4.3 m2/USD, led by Brazil, while tropical Asian countries showed the lowest average effect of international aid, reaching only 0.17 m2/USD.

scholarly journals A 100-year conservation experiment: Impacts on forest carbon stocks and fluxes

2013 ◽  
Vol 310 ◽  
pp. 242-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara Sharma ◽  
Werner A. Kurz ◽  
Graham Stinson ◽  
Marlow G. Pellatt ◽  
Qinglin Li
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Forest Carbon

scholarly journals Causes for Deforestation in Indonesia: Corruption and Palm Tree Plantation

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (27) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Osama Eldeeb ◽  
Petr Prochazka ◽  
Mansoor Maitah
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Tree Plantation ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Corruption Perception ◽  
Forest Cover Loss

<p>Indonesian biodiversity is threatened by massive deforestation. In this research paper, claims that deforestation in Indonesia is caused by corruption and supported by crude palm oil production is verified using time series analysis. Using Engel Granger cointegration test, three time series of data, specifically corruption perception index, rate of deforestation and price of crude palm oil are inspected for a long-run relationship. Test statistics suggests that there is no long-run relationship among these variables. Authors provide several explanations for this result. For example, corruption in Indonesia, as measured by CPI is still very high. This may mean that forest cover loss is possible even though there is a positive change in corruption level. According to the results, crude palm oil price has also no effect upon forest cover loss. This is likely due to very low shut-down price of crude palm oil for which production is still economical.</p>

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