Physiological and metabolic alterations in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) varieties under distinct soil water levels

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a medicinal species used in several areas, such as food, medicines and cosmetics, and the understanding of its physiological behavior under environmental conditions is of paramount importance for the improvement of cultivation methods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different water availability under physiological, biochemical and metabolic characteristics, in three distinct genotypes: 'Alfavaca basilicão', 'Gennaro de menta' and 'Grecco à palla', during two different phenological stages (vegetative and reproductive). It was found that the water deficit promotes physiological changes to tolerate water stress, and the studied genotypes have different routes to achieve this physiological tolerance, which culminates in a distinct accumulation of metabolites in plants, and can be considered interesting if the final product is the production of essential oils.

Impact of Extreme Climate on Orage Farming Surjan System in Botola

The determining factor for the success of agricultural cultivation in tidal swampland is water availability, which fluctuates throughout the plant's growth. The availability of water for oranges has a significant role in the final production of the product. In Indonesia, there are three types of rain patterns with variations in the growing season related to water availability: the rainy season between October and March and the dry season between April and September. Climate extremes such as drought (El-Niño) and wetness (La-Niña) fluctuate dynamically, impact shifts at the beginning and end of the growing season, and hurt citrus crop productivity. Therefore, an analysis of rice planting time in tidal swampland in Barito Kuala under extreme climatic events was carried out. The research was conducted in September – December 2020 with the survey method. The data was dug in-depth on the research respondents: citrus farmers, fruit traders, and related agencies. The number of samples was 90 people (45 male farmers and 45 female farmers). Two different villages were surveyed in each sub-district according to the type of tidal land, namely Marabahan sub-district (SP1 village and SP2 village), type A, Mandastana (Karang Indah village and Karang Bunga village) type B, and Cerbon sub-district. (Village of Simpang Nungki and Sungai Kambat) Type C. Planting time in tidal land begins after the amount of rainwater is sufficient to dissolve the iron content in the water. The probability of an El-Niño occurrence with an intensity of 1, 2, 3, and 4 years has the highest frequency of occurrence—respectively 3, 3, 5, and 3 times with probability around 16.7% to 27.8%. Meanwhile, La-Nia with an intensity of once a year with the highest frequency eight times with a 40.0% chance. La-Nia events coexist with El-Nio 15 times, and generally, El-Nio precedes La-Nia by about 44%. The cropping pattern in tidal swampland shows high resistance to climate change. Namely, the planting time has not changed much for decades under different climatic conditions.

Water management in wheat using non-traditional techniques

Water is one of the most limiting resources for agricultural production. Due to uneven distribution of rainfall, supplemental irrigation is often required to produce sustainable yield level. Timing and frequency of irrigation is one of the most important tactical decisions, which a farmer has to make to maximize profit from limited water availability. Computer based dynamic simulation models have the capability to assess management options under different environments to help in decision making. In this study, CRESS-Wheat Model V-3.5 has been utilized to quantify the optimum utilization of limited water for popular wheat genotypes of NW India for operational use in Agrometeorological Advisory services with routinely measured weather parameters.

Phenolic variability in fruit from the ‘Arbequina’ olive cultivar under Mediterranean and Subtropical climatic conditions

In the present work, we compared the phenol content and composition of fruit from the ‘Arbequina’ cultivar in four Mediterranean (in Andalucía, Southern Iberian Peninsula) and two Sub-Tropical (Canary Islands) locations throughout the harvest period. Two Mediterranean and two Sub-Tropical locations were maintained with drip irrigation, while the remaining two Mediterranean locations were in dry farming. Water availability and harvest date seemed to play more important roles than air temperature on the phenolic content and most of the studied components. The variability associated with location was a result of the high values observed in the two Mediterranean locations in dry farming, with respect to the other four maintained with drip irrigation. Few differences were found among the four drip-irrigated locations, despite the fact that two were Mediterranean and the other two Sub-Tropical. In addition, a sharp decrease was observed during the harvest period for phenolic content and most of the phenolic compounds.