Development of event-specific detection method for identification of insect resistant NIBGE-1601 cotton harboring double gene Cry1Ac-Cry2Ab construct

AbstractBt cotton expressing Cry1Ac is being cultivated in Pakistan. It has been observed that pink bollworm may have developed resistance against single Bt gene (Cry1Ac). For durable resistance, insect resistant NIBGE-1601 cotton harboring double gene Cry1Ac-Cry2Ab construct was developed. There was a need to characterize NIBGE-1601 event for intellectual property rights protection. The Presence of NIBGE Cry1Ac and NIBGE Cry2Ab genes was checked in NIBGE-1601 cotton plants through PCR, while there was no amplification using primers specific for Monsanto events (MON531, MON15985, MON1445). Using genome walking technology, NIBGE-601 event has been characterized. Event-specific primers of NIBGE-1601 were designed and evaluated to differentiate it from other cotton events mentioned above. NIBGE-1601 event detection primers are highly specific, therefore, can detect NIBGE 1601 event at different conditions using single or multiplex PCR. In the qualitative PCR, using NIBGE-1601 event specific primers, 0.05 ng was the limit of detection for NIBGE-1601double gene cotton genomic DNA. Thus event characterization and development of event-specific diagnostics will help in breeding new cotton varieties resistant to cotton bollworms.

Download Full-text

From Market Access to Cumulative Innovation

10.1093/oso/9780190698577.003.0007 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Adrian Kuenzler

Keyword(s):

Intellectual Property ◽

Market Access ◽

Step Test ◽

Property Law ◽

Intellectual Property Law ◽

Rights Protection ◽

Intellectual Property Rights Protection ◽

Property Rights Protection ◽

Production Output

This chapter argues for a reinvigorated role of the market access doctrine and references a number of important antitrust and intellectual property law decisions in which courts have given priority to market access. It finds a novel function for market access to play within antitrust and intellectual property law liability: courts that grant plaintiffs access to a defendant’s production output should refer to a three-step test under which they inquire (1) whether the inventor, through first-mover advantages, has reaped a sufficient reward such that contractual or intellectual property rights protection would no longer be required to facilitate innovation, (2) whether competitors were able to challenge the proprietary platform’s position in the market without the possibility of granting access, and (3) whether competitors seeking to benefit from market access will make use of it to facilitate the introduction of new goods rather than merely to copy the initial invention.

Download Full-text

Complex Dynamical Behaviors of a Mixed Duopoly Game Based on Intellectual Property Rights Protection

Complexity ◽

10.1155/2020/4601510 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Tong Chu ◽

Yu Yu ◽

Xiaoxue Wang

Keyword(s):

Intellectual Property ◽

Property Rights ◽

Intellectual Property Rights ◽

Mixed Duopoly ◽

Fractal Structures ◽

Rights Protection ◽

Intellectual Property Rights Protection ◽

Dynamical Behaviors ◽

Property Rights Protection ◽

Coexistence Of Attractors

Based on the oligopoly game theory and the intellectual property rights protection policy, we investigate the complex dynamical behaviors of a mixed duopoly game with quadratic cost. In the new system, a few parameters are improved by considering intellectual property rights protection and the stability conditions of the Nash equilibrium point are discussed in detail. A set of the two-dimensional bifurcation diagrams is demonstrated by using numerical modeling, and these diagrams show abundant complex dynamical behaviors, such as coexistence of attractors, different bifurcation, and fractal structures. These dynamical properties can present the long-run effects of strengthening intellectual property protection.

Download Full-text