scholarly journals Agonistic experience during development establishes inter-individual differences in approach-avoidance behaviour of crickets

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia S. Balsam ◽  
Paul A. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
Animal Personality ◽  
Avoidance Behaviour ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Directional Response ◽  
Approach Avoidance

AbstractMembers of numerous animal species show consistent inter-individual differences in behaviours, but the forces generating animal “personality” or individuality remain unclear. We show that experiences gathered solely from social conflict can establish consistent differences in the decision of male crickets to approach or avoid a stimulus directed at one antenna. Adults isolated for 48 h from a colony already exhibit behavioural differences. Prior to staging a single dyadic contest, prospective winners approached the stimulus whereas prospective losers turned away, as they did also after fighting. In contrast, adults raised as nymphs with adult males present but isolated from them as last instar nymphs, all showed avoidance. Furthermore, adults raised without prior adult contact, showed no preferred directional response. However, following a single fight, winners from both these groups showed approach and losers avoidance, but this difference lasted only one day. In contrast, after 6 successive wins or defeats, the different directional responses of multiple winners and losers remained consistent for at least 6 days. Correlation analysis revealed examples of consistent inter-individual differences in the direction and magnitude of turning responses, which also correlated with individual aggressiveness and motility. Together our data reveal that social subjugation, or lack thereof, during post-embryonic and early adult development forges individuality and supports the notion of a proactive–reactive syndrome in crickets.

scholarly journals Unchanged food approach‐avoidance behaviour of healthy men after oxytocin administration

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Melkonyan ◽  
Lu Liu ◽  
Elliot C. Brown ◽  
Willi Meyer ◽  
Apoorva Rajiv Madipakkam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Behaviour ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Approach Avoidance

scholarly journals Evolutionary causes and consequences of consistent individual variation in cooperative behaviour

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1553) ◽  
pp. 2751-2764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Bergmüller ◽  
Roger Schürch ◽  
Ian M. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Animal Personality ◽  
Evolutionary Stability ◽  
Behavioural Syndrome ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Heritable Variation ◽  
Fitness Consequences

Behaviour is typically regarded as among the most flexible of animal phenotypic traits. In particular, expression of cooperative behaviour is often assumed to be conditional upon the behaviours of others. This flexibility is a key component of many hypothesized mechanisms favouring the evolution of cooperative behaviour. However, evidence shows that cooperative behaviours are often less flexible than expected and that, in many species, individuals show consistent differences in the amount and type of cooperative and non-cooperative behaviours displayed. This phenomenon is known as ‘animal personality’ or a ‘behavioural syndrome’. Animal personality is evolutionarily relevant, as it typically shows heritable variation and can entail fitness consequences, and hence, is subject to evolutionary change. Here, we review the empirical evidence for individual variation in cooperative behaviour across taxa, we examine the evolutionary processes that have been invoked to explain the existence of individual variation in cooperative behaviour and we discuss the consequences of consistent individual differences on the evolutionary stability of cooperation. We highlight that consistent individual variation in cooperativeness can both stabilize or disrupt cooperation in populations. We conclude that recognizing the existence of consistent individual differences in cooperativeness is essential for an understanding of the evolution and prevalence of cooperation.

Effects of facial expression and gaze direction on approach–avoidance behaviour

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 943-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Ozono ◽  
Motoki Watabe ◽  
Sakiko Yoshikawa
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Avoidance Behaviour ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Approach Avoidance

scholarly journals Reliability and Convergence of Approach/Avoidance Bias Assessment Tasks in the Food Consumption Domain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Basanovic ◽  
Laura Dondzilo ◽  
Daniel Rudaizky ◽  
Bram Van Bockstaele
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Food Craving ◽  
Unhealthy Food ◽  
Food Cues ◽  
Internal Reliability ◽  
Approach Bias ◽  
Approach Avoidance

Theories of motivation posit that people will more readily approach positive or appetitive stimuli while they are more likely to avoid negative or aversive stimuli. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the relationship between biases in approach and avoidance behaviours for food cues and food craving and consumption behaviour. Two paradigms commonly employed by research to investigate this relationship are the Approach Avoidance Task (AAT) and the Stimulus Response Compatibility Task (SRCT). However, it is yet to be determined whether the measures yielded by these tasks reflect the same processes operating in the food craving and consumption domain. The purpose of the present study will be to address whether the AAT and SRCT paradigms provide internally reliable and convergent measures in their assessment of approach/avoidance bias to healthy and unhealthy food stimuli, and whether measures of approach/avoidance biases to healthy and unhealthy food yielded by the AAT and SRCT paradigms demonstrate comparable associations with individual differences in food craving and eating behaviour. The study will require participants to complete an SRCT, and two task variants of the AAT, and an estimate of participants’ approach bias towards unhealthy food relative to healthy food will be computed from each. Analyses will determine the internal reliability of each of the approach bias scores, the degree to which the approach bias scores show convergent validity, and the degree to which the approach bias scores from each task are concurrently associated with individual differences in food craving and eating behaviour.

scholarly journals Social Behaviour and Circadian Variations in Different Activities of Captive Hog Deer (Axis porcinus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 2877-2884
Author(s):  
Zahid Farooq ◽  
Irfan Baboo ◽  
Muhammad Younas ◽  
Khalid Javed Iqbal ◽  
Sana Asad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Behaviour Pattern ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Natural Areas ◽  
Circadian Variations ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Breeding Management

Management practices/strategies to re-modulate the wild behaviour of animal species could increase their number in natural areas. The captive herd of hog deer showed slight changes from wild behaviour due to captive stress with no alteration in wild behaviour pattern except captive stress. Adult males (6), adult females (6) and fawns (6) were selected and observed round the clock for thirty days across season after one-hour interval on each activity. All subjects in hotter part of the day spent more time in sitting and rest. While, few hours of night in sleeping, resting and rumination. Fawn spent more time in sitting, resting, and hiding compared to adults. During wandering, they also spent some time in standing. It was noticed that all hog deer in herd not slept together but few of them remain active. Only male fighting was observed and maximum was noticed in August and September during breeding season. Hog deer were mainly crepuscular in feeding with irregular short intakes, and grazing on grasses present in enclosure. This study provides guideline to rehabilitate wild hog deer for better breeding management, conservation and raising practices.

scholarly journals Individual differences in behaviour explain variation in survival: a meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Moiron ◽  
Kate L. Laskowski ◽  
Petri Toivo Niemelä
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Animal Personality ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Behavioural Types ◽  
Risky Behaviours ◽  
First Time

Research focusing on among-individual differences in behaviour (“animal personality”) has been blooming for over a decade. One of the central theories explaining the maintenance of behavioural variation posits a trade-off between behaviour and survival with individuals expressing greater “risky” behaviours suffering higher mortality. Here, for the first time, we synthesize the existing empirical evidence for this key prediction. Our results did not support this prediction as there was no directional relationship between riskier behaviour and greater mortality; however there was a significant absolute relationship between behaviour and survival. In total, behaviour explained a significant, but small, portion (4.4%) of the variance in survival. We also found that risky (versus “shy”) behavioural types live longer in the wild, but not in the laboratory. This suggests that individuals expressing risky behaviours might be of overall higher quality but the lack of predation pressure and resource restrictions mask this effect in laboratory environments. Our work implies that individual differences in behaviour explain important differences in survival but not in the direction predicted by theory. Importantly, this suggests that the models predicting survival trade-offs may need revision and/or empiricists may need to reconsider their proxies of risky behaviours when testing such theory.

scholarly journals Tackling Fearful Avoidance using Counterconditioning: A Causal Test for the Role of Appetitive Motivation in Fearful Avoidance Behaviour

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris van de Pavert ◽  
Anneloes M. Hulsman ◽  
Karin Roelofs ◽  
Floris Klumpers
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Avoidance Behaviour ◽  
Healthy Group ◽  
Appetitive Motivation ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Central Symptom

Anxiety disorders are prevalent in the population and costly for society, while current treatment is not effective in all individuals. A central symptom of anxiety is avoidance behaviour, with excessive avoidance being predictive of poor clinical outcomes. Appetitive motivation could play a role in decreasing avoidance behaviour by increasing the positive valuation of the feared object. The current study used an approach-avoidance conflict paradigm to measure costly avoidance behaviour in a healthy group of 22 participants. During counterconditioning training one stimulus was followed by eating a tasty snack (CS+), while another was never followed by an outcome (CS-). Results indicated that the CC-training was effective in reducing negative valuation and decreasing avoidance behaviour for the CS+. This study showed the importance of appetitive motivation for avoidance behaviour, suggesting that treatment may benefit from focussing on increasing appetitive motivation to overcome avoidance.

Approach, avoidance, and self-regulatory conflict: An individual differences perspective

2008 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Robinson ◽  
Benjamin M. Wilkowski ◽  
Brian P. Meier
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Approach Avoidance

IQ Constancy and Age

1972 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Klonoff
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Iq Scores ◽  
Low Iq

The WISC was given to 173 normal children, ages 5 to 13 yr. on 3 consecutive occasions at yearly intervals. Only the Full-scale IQ data were presented in this paper. Of the 18 between-year comparisons of mean Full-scale IQ, only 1 was significantly higher. Of the 9 between 2-year comparisons, only 2 were significantly higher. Correlation analysis showed a perfect relationship between magnitude of correlations and lapsed time as well as a distinctive trend regarding the increase of magnitude of correlation with increasing age. No sex differences in the patterning of IQ changes were noted (only 1 of the 54 comparisons was significant). There was no consistent pattern of change in IQ scores of the low-IQ subgroup compared with the high-IQ subgroup. Three factors are discussed as being important in longitudinal studies, namely, maturation, sex and individual differences in IQs of Ss.

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