scholarly journals Morphological differences in the calcaneus among extant great apes investigated by three-dimensional geometric morphometrics

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuhei Nozaki ◽  
Hideki Amano ◽  
Motoharu Oishi ◽  
Naomichi Ogihara
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Functional Adaptation ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Plantar Surface ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Calcaneal Tuberosity

AbstractInvestigating the morphological differences of the calcaneus in humans and great apes is crucial for reconstructing locomotor repertories of fossil hominins. However, morphological variations in the calcaneus of the great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans) have not been sufficiently studied. This study aims to clarify variations in calcaneal morphology among great apes based on three-dimensional geometric morphometrics. A total of 556 landmarks and semilandmarks were placed on the calcaneal surface to calculate the principal components of shape variations among specimens. Clear interspecific differences in calcaneal morphology were extracted, corresponding to the degree of arboreality of the three species. The most arboreal orangutans possessed comparatively more slender calcaneal tuberosity and deeper pivot region of the cuboid articular surface than chimpanzees and gorillas. However, the most terrestrial gorillas exhibited longer lever arm of the triceps surae muscle, larger peroneal trochlea, more concave plantar surface, more inverted calcaneal tuberosity, more everted cuboid articular surface, and more prominent plantar process than the orangutans and chimpanzees. These interspecific differences possibly reflect the functional adaptation of the calcaneus to locomotor behavior in great apes. Such information might be useful for inferring foot functions and reconstructing the locomotion of fossil hominoids and hominids.

scholarly journals Talar trochlear morphology may not be a good skeletal indicator of locomotor behavior in humans and great apes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuhei Nozaki ◽  
Motoharu Oishi ◽  
Naomichi Ogihara
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Locomotor Behavior ◽  
Bipedal Locomotion ◽  
Apical Angle ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Fossil Hominins ◽  
Locomotor Behaviors

AbstractTo reconstruct locomotor behaviors of fossil hominins and understand the evolution of bipedal locomotion in the human lineage, it is important to clarify the functional morphology of the talar trochlea in humans and extant great apes. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the interspecific-differences of the talar trochlear morphology among humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans by means of cone frustum approximation to calculate an apical angle and geometric morphometrics for detailed variability in the shape of the talar trochlea. The apical angles in gorillas and orangutans were significantly greater than those in humans and chimpanzees, but no statistical difference was observed between humans and chimpanzees, indicating that the apical angle did not necessarily correspond with the degree of arboreality in hominoids. The geometric morphometrics revealed clear interspecific differences in the trochlear morphology, but no clear association between the morphological characteristics of the trochlea and locomotor behavior was observed. The morphology of the trochlea may not be a distinct skeletal correlate of locomotor behavior, possibly because the morphology is determined not only by locomotor behavior, but also by other factors such as phylogeny and body size.

Three-dimensional analysis of displacement characteristics of dorsally angulated intra-articular distal radial fractures

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-347
Author(s):  
Atsuo Shigi ◽  
Kunihiro Oka ◽  
Kohji Kuriyama ◽  
Hiroyuki Tanaka ◽  
Hideki Yoshikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Analysis ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Anatomical Reduction ◽  
Distal Radial Fractures ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Dorsal Wall ◽  
Wall Displacement ◽  
Sigmoid Notch ◽  
Displacement Patterns

Understanding the complex fragmentation of intra-articular distal radial fractures contributes to achieving anatomical reduction during surgery. This study aimed to clarify three-dimensional displacement patterns of intra-articular fragmentation in dorsally angulated, intra-articular distal radial fractures. We identified five characteristic intra-articular fragments: a key fragment, dorsal ulnar corner, dorsal wall, radial column and anterior radial column. The key fragment was displaced with radial deviation, pronation and extension and with dorsal, proximal and radial translations. The dorsal ulnar corner displacement resulted in a gap, a step-off and a deepened concavity for the lunate facet and sigmoid notch. The dorsal wall displacement resulted in a deepened concavity, a gap and a step-off of the dorsal scaphoid facet. The displacements of the radial column and anterior radial column caused a step-off between the scaphoid and lunate facets. The five characteristic intra-articular fragments each created a characteristic gap and step-off in the articular surface. Level of evidence: IV

scholarly journals The morphology of the inner ear of squamate reptiles and its bearing on the origin of snakes

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 170685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Palci ◽  
Mark N. Hutchinson ◽  
Michael W. Caldwell ◽  
Michael S. Y. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Squamate Reptiles ◽  
Strong Affinity ◽  
Ear Morphology

The inner ear morphology of 80 snake and lizard species, representative of a range of ecologies, is here analysed and compared to that of the fossil stem snake Dinilysia patagonica , using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics. Inner ear morphology is linked to phylogeny (we find here a strong phylogenetic signal in the data that can complicate ecological correlations), but also correlated with ecology, with Dinilysia resembling certain semi-fossorial forms ( Xenopeltis and Cylindrophis ), consistent with previous reports. We here also find striking resemblances between Dinilysia and some semi-aquatic snakes, such as Myron (Caenophidia, Homalopsidae). Therefore, the inner ear morphology of Dinilysia is consistent with semi-aquatic as well as semi-fossorial habits: the most similar forms are either semi-fossorial burrowers with a strong affinity to water ( Xenopeltis and Cylindrophis ) or amphibious, intertidal forms which shelter in burrows ( Myron). Notably, Dinilysia does not cluster as closely with snakes with exclusively terrestrial or obligate burrowing habits (e.g. scolecophidians and uropeltids). Moreover, despite the above similarities, Dinilysia also occupies a totally unique morphospace, raising issues with linking it with any particular ecological category.

Three-dimensional analysis of the talocrural joint axis: Relation to the talar articular surface

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 120-121
Author(s):  
L. Claassen ◽  
P. Luedtke ◽  
D. Yao ◽  
S. Ettinger ◽  
K. Daniilidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Analysis ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Talocrural Joint ◽  
Joint Axis

scholarly journals Determination of the Optimal Syndesmosis Fixation Angle Using Mortise View of The Ankle Joint

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oğuzhan Tanoğlu ◽  
İzzet Özay Subaşı ◽  
Mehmet Burak Gökgöz
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Functional Results ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Medial Malleolus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Horizontal View ◽  
Mortise View

Background: Syndesmosis is an important soft tissue component supporting the ankle stability and commonly injured accompanying with ankle fractures. The accurate reduction and fixation of syndesmosis is essential to obtain better functional results. Therefore, we aimed to find a practical method using the mortise view of ankle to determine the optimal syndesmosis fixation angle intraoperatively. Methods: We randomly selected 200 adults (100 women and 100 men) between 18 - 60 years of age. Three-dimensional anatomical models of tibia and fibula were created using Materialise MIMICS 21. We created a best fit plane on articular surface of medial malleolus and a ninety degrees vertical plane to medial malleolus plane. We determined two splines on cortical borders of tibia and fibula distant from the most superior point of ankle joint in horizontal view. We created two spheres that fit to the predefined splines. The optimal syndesmosis fixation angle was determined measuring the angle between the line connecting the center points of spheres, and the ninety degrees vertical plane to medial malleolus plane. Results: We observed no statistically significant difference between gender groups in terms of optimal syndesmosis fixation angles. The mean age of our study population was 47.1 {plus minus} 10.5. The optimal syndesmosis fixation angle according to mortise view was found as 21 {plus minus} 4.3 degrees. Conclusions: We determined the optimal syndesmosis fixation angle as 21 {plus minus} 4.3 degrees in accordance with the mortise view of ankle. The surgeon could evaluate the whole articular surface of ankle joint with the medial and lateral syndesmotic space in mortise view accurately and at the same position syndesmosis fixation could be performed at 21 {plus minus} 4.3 degrees.

Three-Dimensional Laser Surface Imaging and Geometric Morphometrics Resolve Frontonasal Dysmorphology in Schizophrenia

2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 1187-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin J. Hennessy ◽  
Patrizia A. Baldwin ◽  
David J. Browne ◽  
Anthony Kinsella ◽  
John L. Waddington
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Laser Surface ◽  
Surface Imaging

PATTERNS AND PROCESSES IN MORPHOSPACE: GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRICS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL OBJECTS

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 71-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. David Polly ◽  
Gary J. Motz
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Shape Space ◽  
Multivariate Methods ◽  
Morphometric Data ◽  
Three Dimensional Objects ◽  
Mathematical Properties ◽  
Patterns And Processes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shell Coiling

AbstractFocusing on geometric morphometrics (GMM), we review methods for acquiring morphometric data from 3-D objects (including fossils), algorithms for producing shape variables and morphospaces, the mathematical properties of shape space, especially how they relate to morphogenetic and evolutionary factors, and issues posed by working with fossil objects. We use the Raupian shell-coiling equations to illustrate the complexity of the relationship between such factors and GMM morphospaces. The complexity of these issues re-emphasize what are arguably the two most important recommendations for GMM studies: 1) always use multivariate methods and all of the morphospace axes in an analysis; and 2) always anticipate the possibility that the factors of interest can have complex, nonlinear relationships with shape.

scholarly journals Characterizing phenotypic divergence using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics in four populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus; Pisces: Gasterosteidae) in Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 463-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.E. Pistore ◽  
T.N. Barry ◽  
E. Bowles ◽  
R. Sharma ◽  
S.L. Vanderzwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
National Park ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Covariance Structure ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
Evolutionary Change ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Vertebrate Model ◽  
Katmai National Park

The threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L., 1758) is a vertebrate model for the study of the relationship between phenotype and environment in facilitating rapid evolutionary change. Using four populations from a system of lakes in Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska, and microcomputed tomography and three-dimensional geometric morphometrics, we test the hypothesis that stickleback populations inhabiting freshwater environments display cranial phenotypes that are intermediate between the putative ancestral form and the low-plated freshwater populations that demonstrate substantial divergence toward new phenotypic optima. We further test the hypothesis that phenotypic covariance structure is disrupted in the context of such putatively recent adaptive events. We report significant phenotypic differences among all four populations that includes a component of sexual dimorphism. Furthermore, we show evidence of disrupted phenotypic covariance structure among these populations. Taken together, these findings indicate the importance of phenotypic quantification as a key step in elucidating both the ecological processes responsible for rapid adaptive radiations and the role of developmental mechanisms in biasing evolutionary change.

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